Size–strain distribution analysis of SnO₂ nanoparticles and their multifunctional applications as fiber optic gas sensors, supercapacitors and optical limiters

Abstract

SnO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a wet chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (rutile tetragonal), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Sn–O, 657 cm⁻¹) and micro Raman spectroscopy (Sn–O, 635 cm⁻¹).