Anti-ganglioside antibodies are removed from circulation in mice by neuronal endocytosis

Abstract

See van Doorn and Jacobs (doi:10.1093/brain/aww078) for a scientific commentary on this article. In axonal forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome, anti-ganglioside antibodies bind gangliosides on nerve surfaces, thereby causing injury through complement activation and immune cell recruitment. Why some nerve regions are more vulnerable than others is unknown. One reason may be that neuronal membranes with high endocytic activity, including nerve terminals involved in neurotransmitter recycling, are able to endocytose anti-ganglioside antibodies from the cell surface so rapidly that antibody-mediated injury is attenuated. Herein we investigated whether endocytic clearance of anti-ganglioside antibodies by nerve terminals might also be of sufficient magnitude to deplete circulating antibody levels. Remarkably, systemically delivered anti-ganglioside antibody in mice was so avidly cleared from the circulation by endocytosis at ganglioside-expressing plasma membranes that it was rapidly rendered undetectable in serum. A major component of the clearance occurred at motor nerve terminals of neuromuscular junctions, from where anti-ganglioside antibody was retrogradely transported to the motor neuron cell body in the spinal cord, recycled to the plasma membrane, and secreted into the surrounding spinal cord. Uptake at the neuromuscular junction represents a major unexpected pathway by which pathogenic anti-ganglioside antibodies, and potentially other ganglioside binding proteins, are cleared from the systemic circulation and also covertly delivered to the central nervous system. See van Doorn and Jacobs (doi:10.1093/brain/aww078) for a scientific commentary on this article. How does anti-ganglioside autoantibody clearance from the circulation affect their detection and neurotoxicity? Cunningham et al. describe an uptake pathway for these autoantibodies at motor nerve terminals and their delivery into the brain parenchyma. This highlights the limitations of serum antibody measurements and suggests a possible entry mechanism for their central effects.