Applied Physics Letters · 2003 · 181 citations · 12 references
Natural SciencesMaterials EngineeringMaterials ScienceElectronic MaterialsOptical MaterialsOptoelectronicsElectro-optic MaterialsLens SystemsLiquid Crystal MaterialsLiquid CrystalsOptical PolymersPolymer Thin FilmsAperture SizeElectrode Configuration DesignElectrode DesignLensesPhotomask DesignPhotomask FabricationPolarization
Tunable electronic lenses using gradient polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC) cells were demonstrated. By changing the photomask pattern, both positive and negative lenses were fabricated. The advantages of such a PNLC lens are low operation voltage, large aperture size, and simple electrode design. To overcome the polarization dependence, stacking two orthogonal homogeneous PNLC cells is considered.
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Liquid-crystal adaptive lenses with modal control
Alexander F. Naumov, Mikhail Loktev, Igor R. Guralnik et al. · Optics Letters · 1998 · 303 citations
Variable focal length microlenses
L. G. Commander, Sally E. Day, David R. Selviah · Optics Communications · 2000 · 168 citations