Advanced Materials · 2010 · 171 citations · 21 references
EngineeringMaterials EngineeringMaterials ScienceElectronic MaterialsSemiconductor MaterialsThin FilmsOrganic SemiconductorsPhotovoltaic MaterialsSemiconductor InterfacesSemiconductor Thin FilmsSolar CellsThin Film AnnealingAnnealingAnnealing EffectsDoping In Thin FilmsNeutron ReflectometryPhotovoltaic Thin FilmsSemiconductor CharacterizationThermal AnnealingThermal Annealing Effects
Using neutron reflectivity, self-stratification in a model P3HT/PCBM blend is observed. The as-spun and solvent-annealed films show a depletion of PCBM near the top surface and enrichment of PCBM at the substrate (see figure). Depletion of PCBM at the cathode interface in a photovoltaic device could act as a barrier to efficient electron extraction. On thermal annealing, the PCBM depleted region is eliminated; an effect that partially explains the improvement of P3HT/PCBM devices on thermal annealing.
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Youngkyoo Kim, Steffan Cook, Sachetan M. Tuladhar et al. · Nature Materials · 2006 · 2.3K citations · Full text
Natural Sciences, Materials Engineering, Materials Science +17