Leadership and Organizations for the New Millennium

Abstract

The development of leadership theory has paralleled the development of organizational theory. The models of laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership both explain the old paradigm of the bureaucratic organization and reinforce the new organizational paradigm for the twenty-first century. The bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of laissez-faire leadership and the transactional leadership elements of management-by-exception and contingent reward. The new post-bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of the four 'I's of transformational leadership: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence. Inferences are drawn for the required roles and behavior of future leaders.