Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · 2012 · 408 citations · 73 references
Social SciencesNeurologyPsychologyDiagnostic AssessmentMethod ValidationNeuropsychologyNeurocognitive AssessmentNeuropsychological AssessmentPsychological AssessmentPsychological TestingTest ReliabilityTest ValidityDiagnostic DiscriminationDiagnostic Test ProceduresNeuropsychological Test BatteriesNeuropsychological Test ValidationPsychometric Assessment ValidityResponse Bias ReductionSymptom Assessment ValiditySymptom Reporting Validity
Failure to evaluate the validity of neuropsychological test performance can alter predictions of external criteria and lead to inaccurate conclusions about impairment. The study proposes replacing terms such as effort or response bias with performance validity (PVT) and symptom validity (SVT). Research reviewed shows strong diagnostic discrimination for PVTs and SVTs by identifying atypical performance patterns, emphasizing minimization of false positives. The study demonstrates that requiring multiple independent indicators lowers false positives, raises the positive probability of malingering, and yields highly reproducible results with large effect sizes (d ≥ 1.0). Published in JINS 2012, 18:1–7.
Abstract Failure to evaluate the validity of an examinee's neuropsychological test performance can alter prediction of external criteria in research investigations, and in the individual case, result in inaccurate conclusions about the degree of impairment resulting from neurological disease or injury. The terms performance validity referring to validity of test performance (PVT), and symptom validity referring to validity of symptom report (SVT), are suggested to replace less descriptive terms such as effort or response bias. Research is reviewed demonstrating strong diagnostic discrimination for PVTs and SVTs, with a particular emphasis on minimizing false positive errors, facilitated by identifying performance patterns or levels of performance that are atypical for bona fide neurologic disorder. It is further shown that false positive errors decrease, with a corresponding increase in the positive probability of malingering, when multiple independent indicators are required for diagnosis. The rigor of PVT and SVT research design is related to a high degree of reproducibility of results, and large effect sizes of d =1.0 or greater, exceeding effect sizes reported for several psychological and medical diagnostic procedures. ( JINS , 2012, 18 , 1–7)
73
Robert L. Heilbronner, Jerry J. Sweet, Joel E. Morgan et al. · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · 2009 · 871 citations
Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios
David A. Grimes, Kenneth F. Schulz · The Lancet · 2005 · 828 citations