The Effect of VEGF-Targeted Therapy on Biomarker Expression in Sequential Tissue from Patients with Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cancer

Abstract

TKI treatment is associated with dynamic changes in relevant biomarkers, despite significant heterogeneity in chromosomal and protein, but not epigenetic expression. Changes to Ki-67 expression and tumor grade indicate that treatment is associated with an increase in the aggressive phenotype of the tumor.