The potential of differential mobility analysis coupled to MS for the study of very large singly and multiply charged proteins and protein complexes in the gas phase

Abstract

As previously demonstrated by the technique of gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analyzer (GEMMA) introduced by Kaufman and colleagues, differential mobility analysis (DMA) of charge-reduced electrospray ions in the gas phase is a useful complement to MS for studying large proteins and their weakly bound complexes. Several limitations of GEMMA, the solutions for which have the potential to greatly improve its performance, are discussed here, including DMA resolution and transmission. A quantitative theory of charge reduction kinetics for dried multiply charged globular proteins at atmospheric pressures is also presented, showing that the charge reduction time must be carefully chosen to maximize a singly charged ion signal, while avoiding survival of contaminating multiply charged species. Because charge reduction limits the range of masses analyzable by MS, we also consider the potential of a parallel-plate DMA coupled in series to an MS for DMA-MS studies without charge reduction.