Journal of The Electrochemical Society · 2012 · 187 citations · 42 references
Natural SciencesChemical EngineeringMaterials ScienceElectrochemical EngineeringElectrochemistryThermodynamicsBattery Cell ChemistryBattery SystemsElectrochemical CellsElectrochemical Energy StorageElectrochemical KineticsElectrochemical ThermodynamicsBattery Heat GenerationBattery Thermal ModelingElectrochemical ModelingElectrochemical ProcessesExothermic Heat GenerationSide ReactionsThermal PropertiesThermal Runaway
A short‑circuited lithium‑ion battery cell can generate enough heat to trigger exothermic side reactions that lead to thermal runaway. The study investigates three short‑circuit scenarios and employs a coupled electrochemical‑thermal model to predict temperature rise and explain how electrochemical–thermal interactions influence the heating process. A 2‑D coupled electrochemical‑thermal model of a prismatic LiNi₀.₈Co₀.₁₅Al₀.₀₅O₂|LiPF₆, EC/EMC (3:7)|MAG‑10 cell was used to simulate external short, nail‑penetration, and impurity‑induced short scenarios, predict temperature increase, and assess safety measures. Simulations show that lithium‑ion mass transport in the electrolyte governs the temperature‑rise rate, electric resistance distinguishes the scenarios, and cooling cannot significantly slow the heating, highlighting key short‑circuit characteristics.
A short-circuited lithium-ion battery cell is likely to generate sufficient heat to initiate exothermic side reactions causing thermal runaway. A 2D coupled electrochemical-thermal model was developed to investigate a prismatic LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2|LiPF6, EC/EMC (3:7)|MAG-10 battery cell that is short-circuited. Three short-circuit scenarios are investigated during the events from when short circuit occurs until exothermic side reactions initiate. The scenarios are an external short circuit, a nail penetration and an impurity-induced short circuit. The model is used to predict the temperature increase within the cell and to explain how the interrelation between the electrochemical processes and the thermal properties affects the increase. Important safety measures are also examined with the model. The simulation results highlight general short-circuit characteristics and critical distinctions between the scenarios. The mass transport of lithium ions in the electrolyte is found to be the most important general characteristic that determines the rate of the temperature increase. The electric resistance distinguishes the scenarios from each other. The rate of the temperature increase is dictated by the mass transport in the electrolyte even when large variations in available active material are made and it is shown to be difficult to slow down the rate by cooling.
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Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
Jens Vetter, Petr Novák, M. R. Wagner et al. · Journal of Power Sources · 2005 · 3.8K citations