Capacity Fade Mechanisms and Side Reactions in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

TLDR

Lithium‑ion battery capacity declines during cycling due to side reactions such as electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, and active material dissolution, yet current mathematical models omit these mechanisms, limiting their predictive power. This review aims to survey the literature on capacity‑fade mechanisms and identify the information needed to incorporate them into advanced battery models. The authors analyze existing studies, summarize the key degradation pathways, and propose directions for integrating these mechanisms into future lithium‑ion battery models.

Abstract

The capacity of a lithium‐ion battery decreases during cycling. This capacity loss or fade occurs due to several different mechanisms which are due to or are associated with unwanted side reactions that occur in these batteries. These reactions occur during overcharge or overdischarge and cause electrolyte decomposition, passive film formation, active material dissolution, and other phenomena. These capacity loss mechanisms are not included in the present lithium‐ion battery mathematical models available in the open literature. Consequently, these models cannot be used to predict cell performance during cycling and under abuse conditions. This article presents a review of the current literature on capacity fade mechanisms and attempts to describe the information needed and the directions that may be taken to include these mechanisms in advanced lithium‐ion battery models.