Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase Is Coupled to Light-independent Hydrogen Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract

In anaerobiosis, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii evolves molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) as one of several fermentation products. H 2 is generated mostly by the [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase HYDA1, which uses plant type ferredoxin PETF/FDX1 (PETF) as an electron donor. Dark fermentation of the alga is mainly of the mixed acid type, because formate, ethanol, and acetate are generated by a pyruvate:formate lyase pathway similar to Escherichia coli . However, C. reinhardtii also possesses the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase PFR1, which, like pyruvate:formate lyase and HYDA1, is localized in the chloroplast. PFR1 has long been suggested to be responsible for the low but significant H 2 accumulation in the dark because the catalytic mechanism of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase involves the reduction of ferredoxin. With the aim of proving the biochemical feasibility of the postulated reaction, we have heterologously expressed the PFR1 gene in E. coli . Purified recombinant PFR1 is able to transfer electrons from pyruvate to HYDA1, using the ferredoxins PETF and FDX2 as electron carriers. The high reactivity of PFR1 toward oxaloacetate indicates that in vivo , fermentation might also be coupled to an anaerobically active glyoxylate cycle. Our results suggest that C. reinhardtii employs a clostridial type H 2 production pathway in the dark, especially because C. reinhardtii PFR1 was also able to allow H 2 evolution in reaction mixtures containing Clostridium acetobutylicum 2[4Fe-4S]-ferredoxin and [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase HYDA. Background: The pathway(s) of light-independent H 2 production in green algae are yet unknown. Results: Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase PFR1 and [Fe-Fe]-hydrogenase HYDA1 of Chlamydomonas can be coupled for pyruvate-dependent H 2 production. Conclusion: H 2 production by green algae in the dark is similar to bacterial PFOR-dependent fermentation. Significance: Understanding the fermentation metabolism of green algae allows insights into plastid bioenergetic pathways.