Allowable Ammonia for Fish Culture

Abstract

A review of the published literature on effects of ammonia on fish indicates that un-ionized ammonia alone is probably not the cause of gill hyperplasia, indicative of, or previously attributed to, chronic ammonia poisoning. The maximum safe concentration of un-ionized ammonia is unknown, but in many cases it is not close to the 0.0125 mg/L value commonly accepted by fish culturists.