Ultraviolet B radiation activates NF‐κB and induces iNOS expression in HR‐1 hairless mouse skin: Role of IκB kinase‐β

Abstract

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is known to cause inflammatory tissue damage and skin cancer. One of the molecular links between inflammation and cancer is the eukaryotic transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), which is known to regulate expression of various pro-inflammatory genes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The present study was aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying UVB-induced NF-κB activation and iNOS expression in hairless mouse skin. Irradiation of male HR-1 hairless mouse skin with UVB (5 kJ/m(2) ) resulted in increased degradation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of p65 and p50, and the DNA binding of NF-κB. Exposure to UVB radiation induced the phosphorylation and the catalytic activity of an upstream kinase IκB kinase-β (IKKβ). Pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ attenuated UVB-induced NF-κB activation in mouse skin. Irradiation of mouse skin with UVB also increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Pretreatment with SC-514, a specific inhibitor of IKKβ, attenuated UVB-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase. A kinetic study showed that UVB significantly increased the expression of iNOS in mouse skin at 6 h postirradiation, which was abrogated by pretreatment with SC-514. In conclusion, the upstream kinase IKKβ is involved in UVB-induced activation of MAP kinases and NF-κB, and expression of iNOS in mouse skin.