Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Hexane Fraction from White Rose Flower Extracts via Inhibition of Inflammatory Repertoires

Abstract

In this study, we determined the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of a hexane fraction (hWRF) obtained from white Rosa hybrida flowers by employing various assays such as quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, and Electrophoretic-Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA). The results revealed that the hWRF had excellent anti-inflammatory potency by reducing inflammatory repertoires, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX>, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in RAW264.7 cells when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pro-inflammatory mediator. The reduction of nitric oxide (NO) release from RAW 264.7 cells supported the anti-inflammatory effect of hWRF. Interestingly, hWRF effectively inhibited LPS-mediated nuclear factor-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> (NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX>) p65 subunit translocation into the nucleus and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that hWRF anti-inflammatory activity may be based on inhibition of the NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> and MAPK pathways. Based on the findings described in this study, hWRF holds promise for use as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for either therapeutic or functional adjuvant purposes.