Impact of HIV infection on the development, clinical presentation, and outcome of tuberculosis among children in Abidjan, Côte dʼIvoire

Abstract

Objectives: To describe the spectrum of opportunistic disease in HIV-infected patients admitted to hospital in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, and to describe the level of immunosuppression at which these diseases occur. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: In-patient wards of the University Hospital Infectious Diseases Unit. Patients: A total of 250 adult patients recruited by systematic sampling at the point of hospital admission. Main measures: HIV status; CD4 count; diagnoses, confirmed by microbiological/radiological investigations whenever possible; and outcome of hospitalization (death or discharge). Results: Overall, 79% patients were HIV-positive. The most frequent diagnoses in HIV-positive patients were septicaemia (20%, with non-typhoid salmonellae, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pneumoniae the most common organisms), HIV wasting (16%), meningitis (14%), tuberculosis (TB; 13%), isosporiasis (10%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (7%) and bacterial enteritis (7%). Most HIV-positive patients had evidence of severe immunosuppression: 39% had CD4 counts < 50 × 106/l, 17% had 50-99 × 106/l, and 20% had 100-199 × 106/l. In-hospital mortality among HIV-positive patients was 38% compared with 27% among HIV-negative patients [age-adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7-2.9]. Among HIV-positive patients, the highest case-fatality rates were among patients with meningitis, toxoplasmosis and TB: in a multivariate analysis the strongest independent risk factors for death were an abnormal level of consciousness (OR, 9.3; 95% CI, 3.5-24.6), a haemoglobin concentration below 8 g/dl (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4-12.8) and age > 40 years (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5-10.2). Conclusions: Our data show that, as in industrialized countries, most HIV-infected individuals admitted to and dying in hospital in Abidjan are profoundly immunosuppressed. Potentially preventable infections are the main causes of in-hospital morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons in Abidjan, and the evaluation of appropriate primary prophylactic regimes is a priority.