TGF-β Prevents Phosphate-Induced Osteogenesis through Inhibition of BMP and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathways

Abstract

Full VSMC differentiation induced by TGF-β may not be achieved when extracellular phosphate levels are high. Moreover, TGF-β prevents high phosphate-induced osteogenesis by decreasing the nuclear translocation of Smad 1/5/8 and avoiding the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.