Profitable and Unprofitable Shepherds: Economic and Theological Perspectives on Ezekiel 34

Abstract

This article examines Ezekiel 34's `good shepherd' metaphor in the light of the economics of animal husbandry in ancient Israel and Mesopotamia. In 34.1-16, YHWH is presented as the owner of sheep, whose hired hands, the `shepherds of Israel', have failed to perform their duties of care and protection. In economic terms, the problems are those of misappropriation of property and the failure to produce an adequate profit, and the disadvantage to the owner is of more significance than the suffering of the sheep. The theological consequence of this reading is that commentators may be mistaken in seeing YHWH's actions in ch. 34 as motivated by selflessness and compassion for Israel. Rather, YHWH's recovery and protection of his flock is of a piece with the emphasis on divine power and self-interest found throughout Ezekiel's restoration oracles.