2010 · 247 citations · 39 references
EngineeringMarine EngineeringOcean EngineeringOcean AcousticsUnderwater AcousticsUnderwater RoboticsAcoustic SensingRoutingSensor NetworksUnderwater Acoustic CommunicationUnderwater CommunicationWireless Sensor NetworksAnycast RoutingHydraulic RoutingNetworkingRouting In Underwater NetworksRouting Protocols For Wireless NetworksUnderwater NetworkingUnderwater Sensor NetworksUnderwater Wireless Sensor Networks
A sensor‑equipped aquatic swarm drifts with ocean currents to provide 4‑D monitoring of underwater events, with surface sonobuoys collecting data via acoustic modems and relaying it in real time, but ocean currents and limited bandwidth/energy pose major challenges. The study aims to design an efficient anycast routing algorithm that reliably reports underwater sensor events to any surface sonobuoy. HydroCast uses measured pressure levels to opportunistically select forwarders that maximize greedy progress while limiting interference, includes an efficient dead‑end recovery method that outperforms recent approaches, and is validated through extensive simulations.
A SEA Swarm (Sensor Equipped Aquatic Swarm) is a sensor "cloud" that drifts with water currents and enables 4D (space and time) monitoring of local underwater events such as contaminants, marine life and intruders. The swarm is escorted at the surface by drifting sonobuoys that collect the data from underwater sensors via acoustic modems and report it in real-time via radio to a monitoring center. The goal of this study is to design an efficient anycast routing algorithm for reliable underwater sensor event reporting to any one of the surface sonobuoys. Major challenges are the ocean current and the limited resources (bandwidth and energy). In this paper, we address these challenges and propose HydroCast, a hydraulic pressure based anycast routing protocol that exploits the measured pressure levels to route data to surface buoys. The paper makes the following contributions: a novel opportunistic routing mechanism to select the subset of forwarders that maximizes greedy progress yet limiting co-channel interference; and an efficient underwater "dead end" recovery method that outperforms recently proposed approaches. The proposed routing protocols are validated via extensive simulations.
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Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks
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