Colloidal Bi₂S₃ Nanocrystals: Quantum Size Effects and Midgap States

Abstract

Among solution‐processed nanocrystals containing environmentally benign elements, bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3 ) is a very promising n‐type semiconductor for solar energy conversion. Despite the prompt success in the fabrication of optoelectronic devices deploying Bi 2 S 3 nanocrystals, the limited understanding of electronic properties represents a hurdle for further materials developments. Here, two key materials science issues for light‐energy conversion are addressed: bandgap tunability via the quantum size effect, and photocarrier trapping. Nanocrystals are synthesized with controlled sizes varying from 3 to 30 nm. In this size range, bandgap tunability is found to be very small, a few tens of meV. First principles calculations show that a useful blueshift, in the range of hundreds of meV, is achieved in ultra‐small nanocrystals, below 1.5 nm in size. Similar conclusions are envisaged for the class of pnictide chalcogenides with a ribbon‐like structure [Pn 4 Ch 6 ] n (Pn = Bi, Sb; Ch = S, Se). Time‐resolved differential transmission spectroscopy demonstrates that only photoexcited holes are quickly captured by intragap states. Photoexcitation dynamics are consistent with the scenario emerging in other metal–chalcogenide nanocrystals: traps are created in metal‐rich nanocrystal surfaces by incomplete passivation by long fatty acid ligands. In large nanocrystals, a lower bound to surface trap density of one trap every sixteen Bi 2 S 3 units is found.