Journal of the American Statistical Association · 1996 · 194 citations · 19 references
Public HealthBiostatisticsClinical EpidemiologyEpidemiologySurvival AnalysisHazard FunctionsParametric Survival ModelsSurvival ModelingSurvival PredictionTime-dependent CovariatesTime-to-event AnalysisCox RegressionHazard Rate AnalysisHazard Ratio ModelingProportionalitySplinesTests Of Proportional HazardsTime-dependent Effect ModelingTime-varying Hazard Models
Abstract We investigate the association between duration of untreated disease and survival in lupus nephritis, a rare rheumatologic disease. In this case, as in many other studies of survival, a priori considerations suggest that the effect of the predictor on hazard may change with increasing follow-up time. To accommodate such situations, we use regression splines to model the hazard ratio as a flexible function of time. We propose model-based tests of the hypotheses of hazards proportionality and of no association. We evaluate the accuracy of estimation and inference in simulations and also present analysis of a larger medical data set.
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