Keystone targets for change: Planning for widespread positive consequences.

Abstract

Problem clarification and analysis are basic problem solving steps that address the fundamental question of what to change. The analysis of keystone child behaviors and other keystone events is a conceptual and research-based target variable selection strategy within the problem solving process. Keystone behaviors have been defined as (a) pivotal behaviors associated with response classes of maladaptive behaviors that can positively influence other child behaviors; (b) behaviors that result in other beneficial collateral child, peer, and adult outcomes; and (c) foundation skills necessary for adaptation to present and future environments. Stated differently, keystone variables represent relatively narrow targets for change having the most widespread benefits to clients. Within the context of ecological consultation and systems analysis, the term keystone variable, rather than behavior, is suggested because of the broad range of potential targets for efforts at permanent change and to acknowledge that such targets often go beyond presenting child problems. The hypothesized benefits of selecting keystone targets for change include more effective and efficient interventions. The design of interventions for childhood problems most often takes place through consultation with parents and teachers (Gutkin & Curtis, 1990; Kratochwill & Bergan, 1990). In consultation, the problem solving process leads the analysis of problem situations to the consideration of desired changes in parent, teacher, peer,