Language Characteristics of Individuals With Down Syndrome

TLDR

Individuals with Down syndrome exhibit a consistent language profile, with receptive language generally stronger than expressive language and notable difficulties in phonology and syntax. The study reviews literature on language and literacy skills in Down syndrome, focusing on phonology, vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics. The review outlines hearing, oral‑motor, cognitive, social, prelinguistic, and early nonverbal communication characteristics of Down syndrome and discusses clinical implications and future research directions.

Abstract

On average, language and communication characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome (the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability) follow a consistent profile. Despite considerable individual variability, receptive language is typically stronger than expressive language, with particular challenges in phonology and syntax. We review the literature on language and literacy skills of individuals with Down syndrome, with emphasis on the areas of phonology, vocabulary, syntax, and pragmatics. We begin by describing the hearing, oral-motor, cognitive, social, and prelinguistic and early nonverbal communication characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome. We conclude with a discussion of clinical implications and research directions.