Synthesis, Structure−Activity Relationships, and Mechanism of Drug Resistance of <scp>d</scp>- and <scp>l</scp>-β-3‘-Fluoro-2‘,3‘-unsaturated-4‘-thionucleosides as Anti-HIV Agents

Abstract

Various D- and L-2',3'-unsaturated 3'-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides (D- and L-3'F-4'Sd4Ns) were synthesized for the studies of structure-activity relationships. The synthesized D-2',3'-unsaturated 3'-fluoro-4'-thionucleosides did not show any significant antiviral activity against HIV-1, while unnatural L-nucleosides such as cytosine 34 (EC(50) = 0.13 microM; EC(90) = 1.7 microM) and 5-fluorocytosine 35 (EC(50) = 0.031 microM; EC(90) = 0.35 microM) derivatives exhibited potent anti-HIV activity without significant toxicity. Molecular modeling study shows that the 3'-fluorine atom of the d-2',3'-unsaturated cytidine triphosphate (D-3'F-4'Sd4CTP) experiences unfavorable electrostatic interaction with its own triphosphate moiety, resulting in the decreased binding affinity to wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), which may be one of the reasons for the insensitivity of HIV-1 RT to these compounds. On the other hand, L-3'F-4'Sd4CTP binds to the active site of wild-type HIV-1 RT without steric hindrance and there is a possible hydrogen bonding between the 3'-fluorine atom and Asp185, which correlates with its potent anti-HIV activity. However, L-3'F-4'Sd4C 34 and L-3'F-4'Sd4FC 35 showed high cross-resistance to 3TC-resistant mutant (M184V) RT. Like other unnatural L-nucleosides, the unfavorable steric hindrance of the sugar moiety of L-3'F-4'Sd4CTP with the side chain of Val184 explains its significant cross-resistance to the M184V mutant.