The impact of high-stakes testing on teaching and learning: can this be predicted or controlled?

Diffusion of innovations

George Hayward · Technovation · 1984 · 2.8K citations

Education, Health Education, Health Services Research +7

The New Meaning of Educational Change

School Effectiveness and School Improvement · 1991 · 2.7K citations

Education, Educational Psychology, Curriculum Reform +13

Validity and washback in language testing

Samuel Messick · Language Testing · 1996 · 869 citations

Education, Educational Assessment, Educational Measurement +15

Does Washback Exist?

J. Charles Alderson, D. Wall · Applied Linguistics · 1993 · 826 citations

Language Studies, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics +4

A Systems Approach to Educational Testing

John R. Frederiksen, Allan Collins · Educational Researcher · 1989 · 608 citations

Education, Educational Assessment, Educational Measurement +14