Chemokine CXCL12 Induces Binding of Ferritin Heavy Chain to the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4, Alters CXCR4 Signaling, and Induces Phosphorylation and Nuclear Translocation of Ferritin Heavy Chain

Abstract

Chemokine receptor-initiated signaling plays critical roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. However, the regulation of chemokine receptor signaling under physiological and pathological conditions is not fully understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) formed a complex with ferritin heavy chain (FHC) in a ligand-dependent manner. Our in vitro binding assays revealed that purified FHC associated with both the glutathione S-transferase-conjugated N-terminal and C-terminal domains of CXCR4, thereby suggesting the presence of more than one FHC binding site in the protein sequence of CXCR4. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that stimulation with CXCL12, the receptor ligand, induced colocalization of the internalized CXCR4 with FHC into internal vesicles. Furthermore, after CXCL12 treatment, FHC underwent time-dependent nuclear translocation and phosphorylation at serine residues. By contrast, a mutant form of FHC in which serine 178 was replaced by alanine (S178A) failed to undergo phosphorylation, suggesting that serine 178 is the major phosphorylation site. Compared with the wild type FHC, the FHC-S178A mutant exhibited reduced association with CXCR4 and constitutive nuclear translocation. We also found that CXCR4-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation and chemotaxis were inhibited by overexpression of wild type FHC but not FHC-S178A mutant, and were prolonged by FHC knockdown. In addition to CXCR4, other chemokine receptor-initiated signaling appeared to be similarly regulated by FHC, because CXCR2-mediated ERK1/2 activation was also inhibited by FHC overexpression and prolonged by FHC knockdown. Altogether, our data provide strong evidence for an important role of FHC in chemokine receptor signaling and receptor-mediated cell migration.