Co‐stimulation blockade targeting CD154 and CD28/B7 modulates the induced antibody response after a pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenograft

Abstract

As used here, CD154 blockade alone does not completely prevent induction of Gal and non-Gal anti-pig antibodies. Our preliminary data suggest that other co-stimulation pathways, including CD28/B7 and ICOS, are sufficient to mediate high-titer anti-non-Gal antibody to porcine antigens in baboons, and contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of DXR.