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Ketamine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 gene expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages through suppression of toll-like receptor 4-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and activator protein-1 activation

InflammationToll-like ReceptorsCytokineInterleukin-6 Gene ExpressionsAnti-inflammatoryMedicineLipopolysaccharide-stimulated MacrophagesInnate Immune SystemImmunologyImmune RegulationChronic InflammationTumor ImmunityInnate ImmunityImmune FunctionPharmacologyCell SignalingTumor Necrosis