Pharmacokinetics of Tramadol and its Metabolites M1, M2 and M5 in Horses Following Intravenous, Immediate Release (Fasted/Fed) and Sustained Release Single Dose Administration

Opioid and nonopioid components independently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an 'atypical' opioid analgesic.

Robert B. Raffa, Elmar Friderichs, Wolfgang Reimann et al. · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · 1992 · 1.2K citations

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Affinity, potency and efficacy of tramadol and its metabolites at the cloned human µ-opioid receptor

Clemens Gillen, Michael Haurand, Dieter Johannes Kobelt et al. · Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology · 2000 · 289 citations

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Contribution of monoaminergic modulation to the analgesic effect of tramadol

Jules Desmeules, Valérie Piguet, L Collart et al. · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 1996 · 240 citations · Full text

Medicine, Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy +17

Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and the metabolite<i>O</i>‐desmethyltramadol in dogs

Butch KuKanich, Mark G. Papich · Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics · 2004 · 216 citations

Medicine, Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology +17

Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoforms responsible for cis-tramadol metabolism in human liver microsomes.

Vangala V. Subrahmanyam, A. B. Renwick, D. Gareth Walters et al. · PubMed · 2001 · 190 citations

Medicine, Biochemistry, Pharmacology +17