Bacterial peptidoglycans but not CpG oligodeoxynucleotides activate synovial fibroblasts by toll‐like receptor signaling

Abstract

We demonstrate that bacterial PGs activate synovial fibroblasts, at least partially via TLR-2, to express integrins, MMPs, and proinflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of TLR signaling pathways might therefore have a beneficial effect on both joint inflammation and joint destruction.