Exfoliating pristine black phosphorus down to the monolayer: photo-oxidation and electronic confinement effects

Abstract

Thin layers of black phosphorus have recently raised interest for their two-dimensional (2D) semiconducting properties, such as tunable direct bandgap and high carrier mobilities. This lamellar crystal of P atoms stacked together by weak van der Waals forces can be exfoliated down to the stratophosphane monolayer (also called phosphorene) using procedures similar to those used for graphene. Properties of this 2D material are however challenging to probe due to a fast and ubiquitous degradation upon exposure to ambient conditions. Herein, we investigate the crystal degradation using in-situ Raman and transmission electron spectroscopies and highlight a process involving a photo-induced oxidation reaction with adsorbed oxygen in water. The experimental conditions to prepare and preserve mono-, bi- and multilayers of stratophosphane in their pristine states were determined. Study on these 2D layers provides new insights on the effect of confinement on the chemical reactivity and the vibrational modes of black phosphorus.