Detection of Aflatoxin in <i>Aspergillus</i> Species Isolated from Pistachio in Iran

Abstract

Abstract To estimate the incidence contamination of fresh pistachio nuts by aflatoxigenic fungi in Iran, nut samples were collected from pistachio orchards in Kerman, Rafsanjan and Isfahan regions. Out of the 200 Aspergillus isolates obtained, 11 species were identified as A. alliaceous , A. candidus , A. flavus , A. niger , A. niveus , A. ochraceus , A. parasiticus , A. tamari , A. terreus , A. unguis and A. wentii . For detection of aflatoxin production ability of the isolates, three target genes, namely aflR , aflJ , and omtB , used in PCR amplification. In all the examined cases, the degenerate primer designed for amplification of omtB gene, named omtBII, was able to amplify an expected 611 bp fragment in aflatoxigenic isolates in this study and yielded the same result as those obtained from TLC analysis and fluorescence ability by application of methylated β‐cyclodextrin in culture media. Using this procedure the significant incidence of aflatoxin‐producing aspergilli was confirmed in pistachio nuts produced in different regions of Iran. The results indicated that PCR method described here, in combination with fluorescence assay, is a reliable and simple confirmatory test for monitoring pistachio nuts contaminated with aflatoxinogenic aspergilli.