Monoclonal antibody TGN1412 trial failure explained by species differences in CD28 expression on CD4 ⁺ effector memory T‐cells

Abstract

It is likely that activation of CD4+ effector memory T-cells by TGN1412 was responsible for the cytokine storm. Lack of CD28 expression on the CD4+ effector memory T-cells of species used for pre-clinical safety testing of TGN1412 offers an explanation for the failure to predict a 'cytokine storm' in humans.