Surgical pathology is a medical subspecialty and academic discipline focused on the diagnosis of disease through the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular examination of tissue specimens obtained via surgical procedures or biopsy. This field investigates the morphological, cellular, and molecular alterations characteristic of various pathologies, including neoplastic, inflammatory, and degenerative conditions, providing critical diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive information essential for patient care and the advancement of biomedical understanding.