Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Characteristics
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system's attack on the central nervous system, specifically targeting myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, as well as the oligodendrocytes that produce myelin.[4.1] This condition leads to a variety of neurological symptoms that can differ significantly among individuals, depending on the location and extent of nerve damage.[9.1] Common symptoms include vision problems, fatigue, difficulty walking, and numbness or weakness in the limbs.[9.1] The disease can manifest in several forms, with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) being the most prevalent. In RRMS, patients experience episodes of symptom exacerbation followed by periods of remission. Conversely, primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is characterized by a gradual worsening of symptoms from the onset, without distinct relapses.[6.1] While the exact etiology of MS remains unknown, various environmental factors, such as vitamin D deficiency and certain viral infections like Epstein-Barr virus, have been implicated in its development.[7.1] The unpredictable nature of MS symptoms and their potential overlap with other health issues complicate diagnosis and management.[8.1] Although there is currently no cure for MS, treatment options are available that can help manage symptoms, reduce the frequency of relapses, and slow disease progression.[8.1]Symptoms and Diagnosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) presents a wide range of symptoms that vary significantly among individuals, complicating diagnosis. Early signs often include blurry vision, muscle weakness, dizziness, fatigue, and unusual sensations such as tingling or pain, all resulting from damage to the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) due to immune system attacks. This damage disrupts nerve signal transmission in the body.[15.1] Other common early symptoms include vision problems, balance issues, bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction, alongside fatigue and weakness.[14.1] The variability in symptoms is a hallmark of MS, as no two patients experience the same combination or severity, complicating the diagnostic process.[13.1] Healthcare professionals differentiate MS from other conditions by examining specific patterns in symptom duration and timing. Symptoms persisting for more than a day, such as blurred vision, numbness, weakness, or dizziness, may indicate MS.[12.1] Early identification is crucial, as timely treatment can improve patient outcomes.[12.1] In addition to physical symptoms, emotional challenges like grief, anxiety, and depression are common among individuals with MS. Approximately 50% of those diagnosed report experiencing depression, which can be as debilitating as physical symptoms.[33.1] This highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment, addressing both physical and psychological health.[31.1]In this section:
History
Early Observations and Discoveries
The earliest documented case of multiple sclerosis (MS) is attributed to St. Lidwina of Schiedam, a Dutch mystic who lived from 1380 to 1433. Her biography, written shortly after her death, describes symptoms that align closely with modern clinical criteria for MS, including walking difficulties, headaches, and severe pain, which began after a fall while ice skating in 1396.[101.1] Lidwina's condition deteriorated over 34 years without indications of remission, and her age of onset and symptomatology suggest that MS may have existed as early as the 14th century.[102.1] In the 19th century, significant advancements in the understanding of MS occurred. The disease was differentiated as a distinct entity by prominent figures such as von Frerichs, Vulpian, and Charcot, who framed it based on its pathology, clinical presentation, and prognosis.[58.1] This period marked a shift from reliance on superstition and anecdotal evidence to a more scientific approach to diagnosis and treatment.[55.1] The first formal description of MS in North America was published by J. C. Morris and Silas Weir Mitchell, further contributing to the medical community's understanding of the disease.[56.1] By the mid-20th century, the establishment of organizations such as the Multiple Sclerosis Society in 1946, founded by Sylvia Lawry, reflected a growing recognition of the need for research and support for those affected by MS.[55.1]Key Contributions to Understanding MS
The understanding of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has evolved significantly over the years, marked by key contributions from various researchers and advancements in diagnostic techniques. One of the earliest and most influential figures in MS research was Jean-Martin Charcot, who, in 1868, framed the clinical and pathological features of the disease, which he referred to as "la sclérose en plaque disséminées".[63.1] His work laid the foundation for future studies and diagnostic criteria. In the mid-20th century, significant advancements in diagnostic techniques emerged, including the lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, which improved the accuracy of MS diagnoses by identifying elevated levels of specific proteins in the CSF as markers for the disease.[61.1] The evolution of diagnostic criteria continued with the introduction of the McDonald criteria, which were revised in 2024 to incorporate new biomarkers and broaden the scope of diagnosis, facilitating earlier intervention and potentially improving patient outcomes.[60.1] Research into the pathogenesis of MS also progressed, particularly with Dr. Thomas Rivers' findings in 1935 that identified changes in nerve tissue as a cause of the disease, rather than a viral infection. This discovery led to the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a crucial model for future MS treatments.[69.1] The approval of the first interferon for MS treatment in 1993 marked a significant milestone in therapeutic options, followed by the introduction of additional treatments over the years.[71.1] The establishment of multiple sclerosis societies has played a vital role in advancing research and public education, significantly changing attitudes towards the disease and improving management strategies for patients.[64.1] Furthermore, the integration of patient support programs (PSPs) has been essential in enhancing the quality of life for individuals with MS, although there remains a need for more evidence on their impact on patient-reported health status.[66.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Treatment Options and Disease Modifying Therapies
Recent advancements in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have significantly transformed the landscape of disease management, offering new hope for patients. A systematic review conducted from 2017 to 2024 critically analyzes these advancements, identifying research gaps and providing evidence-based recommendations for future clinical practices.[103.1] Among the notable developments, stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising option, with improved safety and efficacy making them viable for certain patients. This involves treating MS patients with immunosuppressant medications followed by the infusion of healthy stem cells.[104.1] In addition to stem cell therapies, other treatment options have gained attention. Fingolimod, for instance, is a once-daily oral medication that effectively treats relapsing forms of MS in both children and adults by trapping specific white blood cells.[105.1] The expansion of treatment options is underscored by ongoing research into disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which aim to slow disease progression and manage symptoms by targeting the underlying immune dysfunction associated with MS.[108.1] Recent collaborations among MS experts have led to the development of updated roadmaps for curing MS, reflecting significant progress in understanding and treating the disease since 2022. These efforts focus on stopping disease progression, restoring function, and repairing damage caused by MS.[107.1] Advances in regenerative medicine are being explored as potential avenues for symptom management, particularly in alleviating fatigue, muscle pain, and balance issues.[116.1] Clinical trials continue to play a crucial role in evaluating new therapies. For example, Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are being studied for their potential to reduce both acute and chronic neuroinflammation in progressive MS.[118.1] Additionally, recent studies have shown that blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) can predict non-relapsing progression following treatment with therapies like Ocrevus® (ocrelizumab), which targets the CD20 protein on B cells.[119.1] Moreover, promising results from stem cell therapy trials indicate that injecting specific types of stem cells into the brains of patients with progressive MS is safe and may protect the brain from further damage.[121.1] Mesenchymal stem cell therapy is also being investigated for its immunomodulatory and neuroprotective capabilities, presenting a potential alternative to traditional treatments.[122.1] Overall, the landscape of MS treatment is rapidly evolving, with ongoing research and clinical trials paving the way for more effective therapies and improved patient outcomes.[124.1]Research on Remyelination and Neuroprotection
Recent research in multiple sclerosis (MS) has focused on remyelination and neuroprotection, offering new hope for patients suffering from various forms of the disease. Advances in treatment strategies have emerged, particularly for relapsing-remitting MS and progressive MS, emphasizing the importance of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that aim to manage symptoms and promote recovery.[109.1] Imaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have played a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of MS. These techniques not only facilitate the early and accurate diagnosis of the condition but also enhance our understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. For instance, the 2010 revisions of the McDonald Criteria have simplified the imaging criteria, allowing for a diagnosis based on a single contrast-enhanced MRI scan when appropriate clinical context is provided.[111.1] This advancement underscores the significance of MRI in detecting MS lesions, which is vital for timely intervention and treatment.[110.1] Moreover, advanced imaging methods have contributed to the in vivo characterization of neuroaxonal pathology in early MS, which is essential for predicting disease progression and tailoring treatment approaches.[112.1] MRI has also been instrumental in evaluating the efficacy of DMTs by quantifying new lesion formation and volumes, thereby establishing robust correlations between treatment impact and disease progression.[114.1]In this section:
Pathophysiology
Immune System Involvement
Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a complex immune response, primarily driven by the interactions between T cells and B cells, which are central to the disease's pathogenesis. The autoimmune nature of MS is highlighted by the activation of pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells, which are key players in initiating immune responses within the central nervous system (CNS).[149.1] These T cells interact with memory B cells, promoting their differentiation and enhancing their ability to migrate to the brain, thereby contributing to the disease's progression.[149.1] Recent research underscores the significant role of B cells in MS immunopathology, where their depletion has been shown to influence the composition and function of CD4+ T cells, as well as the expression of co-stimulatory molecules crucial for disease progression.[150.1] Additionally, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and genetic risk factors have been implicated in the development of pathogenic B and T helper (Th) cells, with EBV potentially enhancing the activity of IFN-γ-producing Th cells, thereby stimulating pathogenic B cells and creating a feedback loop that exacerbates MS pathology.[151.1] The understanding of MS has evolved to recognize the essential role of B cells in both relapsing and primary progressive forms of the disease. Clinical trials focusing on B-cell depletion have shown promising therapeutic outcomes, indicating that B cells are active participants in MS pathogenesis rather than passive bystanders.[152.1] Beyond cellular interactions, the immune response in MS is characterized by the dysregulation of various immune cells, including T cells, B lymphocytes, and macrophages, which collectively drive inflammation and contribute to CNS damage.[163.1] Cytokines, as critical signaling proteins, further modulate this immune response, enhancing inflammation and promoting disease progression.[163.1] Specifically, B cells present antigens in an MHCII-dependent manner and express co-stimulatory molecules like CD80, CD86, and CD40, which facilitate T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, thereby initiating autoimmunity through T cell activation.[179.1]Myelin Damage and Its Effects
Myelin damage is a central feature of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), characterized by the immune-mediated destruction of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). This demyelination process is initiated by an autoimmune response, where autoreactive T and B cells target myelin self-antigens, leading to inflammatory demyelination and subsequent neuronal loss.[144.1] The loss of myelin disrupts the conduction of electrical impulses along the axons, which can result in a variety of neurological symptoms.[148.1] The pathophysiology of MS involves not only the destruction of myelin but also the degeneration of oligodendrocytes, the cells responsible for myelin production. This degeneration contributes to the formation of plaques and scarring within the CNS, further exacerbating the loss of axonal integrity and function.[145.1] The inflammatory cascade triggered by the entry of autoreactive T cells into the CNS leads to significant neuronal damage, which is a major contributor to the neurological disabilities observed in MS patients.[148.1] Moreover, the effects of demyelination extend beyond mere signal disruption; they also include failed remyelination attempts, which can lead to chronic axonal degeneration. In chronic lesions, the remaining demyelinated axons exhibit structural and molecular changes that compromise their function and survival, ultimately resulting in irreversible neurological impairment.[148.1] The cumulative impact of these processes significantly affects the quality of life for individuals with MS, as they experience a range of debilitating symptoms, including cognitive impairment, fatigue, and motor dysfunction.[153.1]Disease Courses
Types of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is classified into several distinct types based on the disease's activity and progression. The three main types are relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and primary progressive MS (PPMS).[186.1] RRMS is the most common form, affecting approximately 85 percent of individuals at the onset of the disease. This type is characterized by episodes of neurological symptoms followed by periods of partial or complete recovery.[186.1] Over time, many individuals with RRMS transition to SPMS, which is marked by a gradual accumulation of disability and a decrease in the frequency of relapses.[187.1] In addition to these primary classifications, there exists a more aggressive form known as fulminate MS, also referred to as malignant MS or Marburg MS. This type is characterized by rapid progression and severe relapses occurring within five years of diagnosis.[185.1] The classification of MS is crucial as it influences treatment decisions and helps in understanding the potential course of the disease, although predicting an individual's specific trajectory remains challenging due to the variability of the condition.[188.1]Progression and Prognosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by an unpredictable course, making prognosis challenging to determine. The disease can be classified into three basic types of clinical courses: relapse-remitting MS, primary progressive MS, and secondary progressive MS. Relapse-remitting MS is marked by stable phases interspersed with unpredictable relapses, the causes of which remain unclear.[200.1] This heterogeneity in disease course significantly impacts treatment strategies, necessitating a personalized medicine approach that goes beyond traditional precision medicine concepts.[191.1] Personalized treatment is particularly desirable in MS due to the disease's immense heterogeneity, which is evident in both the progression of the disease and the variability in treatment responses among patients.[190.1] Currently, treatment strategies are informed by a combination of clinical features and imaging parameters, such as those obtained from magnetic resonance imaging, to classify patients into active and non-active disease states.[190.1] However, the implementation of personalized medicine is hindered by the absence of robust biomarkers and a comprehensive understanding of MS pathogenesis.[191.1] Despite these challenges, advancements in personalized medicine for MS have made it a realistic possibility, with ongoing efforts to ensure access to disease-modifying treatments through healthcare systems.[192.1] As the understanding of MS continues to evolve, the integration of personalized approaches in treatment plans is expected to enhance patient outcomes and optimize therapeutic efficacy.In this section:
DisabilityPersonalized MedicinePrecision MedicinePersonalized TreatmentTherapeutic Efficacy
Lifestyle And Management
Role of Diet and Exercise
Diet and exercise play significant roles in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS), influencing both the progression of the disease and the quality of life for those affected. Research indicates that lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes and regular physical activity, can help slow or halt the progression of MS and prevent disability.[226.1] Dietary choices are particularly important, as nutrition is considered a potential factor in the pathogenesis of MS. Studies suggest that a diet low in saturated fats and high in anti-inflammatory foods may be beneficial for individuals with MS.[249.1] The Mediterranean diet, characterized by high fiber consumption and an emphasis on whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, has been associated with positive outcomes in MS patients.[250.1] This diet may help modulate immune responses and reduce inflammation, potentially decreasing the severity and frequency of MS relapses.[248.1] Furthermore, dietary interventions have shown promise in influencing the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in immune system regulation relevant to MS.[239.1] Exercise is equally vital in managing MS symptoms. Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to improve overall health and well-being for individuals with MS, with studies highlighting the benefits of aerobic exercise.[235.1] A customized exercise plan, designed by healthcare providers, can promote physical activity as a crucial component of symptom management.[235.1] Exercise not only helps in reducing MS symptoms but also enhances mood and mental health, which can be adversely affected by the disease.[228.1] However, it is essential for individuals to approach exercise with moderation to avoid overexertion.[237.1]Psychological and Social Considerations
Psychological and social considerations play a crucial role in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS), as individuals often face significant emotional challenges alongside the physical symptoms of the disease. Emotional symptoms such as stress, anxiety, worry, fear, frustration, and depression are common among those with MS, and these can be both reactions to the disease and symptoms of it.[252.1] Approximately 45% of people with MS experience depression, while about 37% experience anxiety, highlighting the prevalence of these mental health issues within this population.[256.1] To foster resilience and maintain a positive outlook, individuals with MS are encouraged to engage in educational activities that enhance their understanding of the disease and its management. Staying informed about new treatments, approved medications, and current research can empower patients and improve their overall outlook.[231.1] Additionally, building a support network is vital; seeking emotional support from family, friends, and community groups can significantly enhance coping strategies and resilience.[234.1] Engaging in enjoyable activities, such as hobbies or social gatherings, can also contribute to resilience. Activities that promote relaxation, such as meditation or mindful breathing, are beneficial for emotional well-being.[233.1] The National Multiple Sclerosis Society emphasizes the importance of a positive mindset, which can lead to increased feelings of competence, pride, and self-confidence, further contributing to emotional health.[234.1] Community support networks are essential for individuals living with MS. These networks can provide vital resources, including financial, emotional, and practical support, which are crucial for coping with the unpredictability of the disease.[243.1] Online communities coordinated by trained volunteers offer individuals affected by MS the opportunity to connect, share experiences, and access resources.[244.1] Organizations like the Multiple Sclerosis Association of America (MSAA) also play a significant role in providing programs and support tailored to the needs of the MS community.[245.1] Coping strategies are critical for managing the emotional challenges associated with MS. Behavioral interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have been shown to effectively reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, and pain in individuals with MS.[254.1] Educational self-management interventions are also important, as they help improve symptom management and promote quality of life.[257.1] By leveraging these strategies and resources, individuals with MS can enhance their self-management skills and improve their overall psychological and social well-being.In this section:
Current Research And Future Directions
Emerging Therapies and Technologies
Recent advancements in multiple sclerosis (MS) research have led to the exploration of various emerging therapies and technologies aimed at improving patient outcomes. One significant area of focus is the development of biomarkers that can predict disease activity and treatment response, which is crucial for tailoring individualized treatment plans.[274.1] Additionally, the investigation of the gut-brain axis interactions is gaining traction, as it may reveal new insights into the pathophysiology of MS and potential therapeutic targets.[273.1] In 2023, three prominent themes have emerged in MS research: the conceptualization of the disease as a continuum involving both inflammation and neurodegeneration, the search for new biomarkers to monitor disease progression, and the early identification of the disease to facilitate timely interventions.[276.1] These themes underscore the importance of understanding the disease's complexity and the need for innovative approaches to treatment. Recent clinical trials are actively investigating immunomodulatory therapies, such as Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, which aim to reduce both acute and chronic neuroinflammation in patients with relapsing and progressive forms of MS.[278.1] Furthermore, gene therapy approaches targeting neuroinflammation are being explored, although this field is still in its early stages.[279.1] The advancements in understanding immune mechanisms have also led to the development of over ten FDA-approved immunotherapeutic drugs that target various immune components involved in MS pathogenesis.[280.1] Emerging technologies, particularly telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI), are playing a transformative role in the management of MS. Telemedicine has become an essential tool for providing access to specialty care, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, and studies indicate that it offers a valid alternative to in-person consultations.[292.1] Patients and healthcare providers have expressed confidence in using telemedicine for routine follow-ups and symptom management.[293.1] Additionally, AI advancements are enhancing the early detection and diagnosis of MS by improving the classification and identification of diagnostic patterns in medical imaging.[295.1] This integration of technology not only facilitates earlier interventions but also holds the potential to reduce long-term disability associated with the disease.In this section:
References
[4] Multiple Sclerosis (MS): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment — Multiple Sclerosis (MS): What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Multiple sclerosis (MS) damages the protective cover around nerves called myelin in your central nervous system. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition that affects your brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS): In some cases, MS symptoms may start off slowly and gradually worsen over time from the very beginning, without any periods of clear relapses or remission. Diagnostic testing helps your provider rule out conditions with similar symptoms to MS. Medications for multiple sclerosis can reduce relapses (periods when symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop) and the development of new lesions/scars, and slow the disease’s progression. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disruptive condition.
[6] Multiple Sclerosis - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — A prompt diagnosis of multiple sclerosis enables the timely initiation of disease-modifying therapy, leading to effective management. Treatment goals include decreasing relapses and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity while minimizing permanent disability and addressing various patient concerns such as bladder and bowel dysfunction, depression, cognitive impairment, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and vertigo. Environmental factors, such as latitudinal gradients observed in various countries, have been extensively studied. Vitamin D deficiency has been considered a possible etiology for the noted predisposition of populations in higher latitudes to multiple sclerosis. Certain infections, including Epstein-Barr virus, may also contribute to the disease. Complex interactions between various environmental factors and patient genetics are apparent, and ongoing research aims to understand these pathways more comprehensively.
[7] Multiple Sclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, & Diagnosis - WebMD — Multiple Sclerosis: Causes, Symptoms, & Diagnosis Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Multiple sclerosis (MS) happens when your immune system attacks myelin, the sheath around your nerve cells. Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Doctors don’t know for sure what causes MS, but many things seem to make the disease more likely. Along with treatment, you can do other things to ease your MS symptoms. Smoking can also make MS symptoms get worse more quickly. These treatments not only help with symptoms, but they can also slow the progression of MS. Careful and consistent monitoring and treatment of MS with your medical team is the best way to keep your symptoms at bay and slow the progression of the disease. More on MS Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
[8] Multiple sclerosis - NHS — Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that affects the brain and spinal cord. It cannot currently be cured, but treatment can often help manage it.
[9] Multiple sclerosis - World Health Organization (WHO) — Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that happens when the immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of MS vary from person to person and depend on the location and severity of nerve fibre damage. These often include vision problems, tiredness, trouble walking and keeping balance, and numbness or weakness in the arms and legs.
[12] 4 Early Signs of MS You Shouldn't Ignore - Cleveland Clinic Health ... — If you’re experiencing blurred vision, numbness, weakness or dizziness at the same time and for more than a day, those symptoms could be potential early signs of MS. Are symptoms caused by MS or something else? “One of the things doctors look for with MS is that all these symptoms last more than a couple of days,” Dr. Bermel says. In addition, the timing of symptoms — how quickly they appear — can help your doctor determine whether MS or something else is the cause. “We’re trying to identify those with MS as early as possible in the disease process because we know they will really benefit from early treatment,” says Dr. Bermel.
[13] Early Signs of Multiple Sclerosis | Rush — Multiple sclerosis is the ultimate chameleon. This chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease affects the central nervous system, resulting in damaged nerves and scar tissue formation, so it can resemble a multitude of other illnesses. This also makes it incredibly hard to detect. And the fact that no two people with MS experience the same symptoms only adds to its unpredictability. Here's what
[14] MS Symptoms: Early, in Women, Men, and More - Healthline — Common early signs of multiple sclerosis (MS) include: vision problems; tingling and numbness; pains and spasms; weakness or fatigue; balance problems or dizziness; bladder issues; sexual dysfunction;
[15] Early Signs of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Verywell Health — Early signs of multiple sclerosis can include blurry vision, muscle weakness, dizziness and fatigue, and unusual tingling or pain sensations. These early warning signs occur because of damage to the fatty covering (myelin) that insulates nerve fibers within your central nervous system (CNS).Your immune system's attack on myelin changes how nerve signals are transmitted in the body.
[31] Emotional Changes - National Multiple Sclerosis Society — The National Multiple Sclerosis Society exists because there are people with MS. Our vision is a world free of MS. Living with MS causes not only physical challenges, but also emotional challenges such as stress, anxiety, or depression. Learn more about these changes. Living with MS causes not only physical challenges, but also emotional
[33] Multiple Sclerosis and Mental Health: 3 Common Challenges — Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects everyone differently. If you or your loved one has MS, you are probably familiar with symptoms such as difficulty walking, fatigue, and numbness or tingling. These and other physical symptoms can be severe and limiting. However, emotional changes and mental health challenges can be just as (if not more) disabling.
[55] PDF — The discovery of MS Until the early years of the 19th cen-tury, physicians relied on superstition, hearsay, and the wisdom of the ancients to care for the sick. Medical ... Multiple Sclerosis Society was founded in 1946. Sylvia Lawry, an extraordinary ordi-nary citizen whose brother suffered
[56] World MS Day: A Historical Perspective on Multiple Sclerosis — Around the same time, J. C. Morris and Silas Weir Mitchell published the first description of MS in North America to the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. In the 1950s, the English adopted the name multiple sclerosis. 2,3. Early thoughts on the cause of MS. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there was a wide range of ideas about what
[58] The history of multiple sclerosis: the changing frame of the disease ... — Multiple sclerosis was differentiated and 'framed' as a separate identifiable entity by von Frerichs, Vulpian, Charcot and others in the mid-nineteenth century. Once framed by its pathology, clinical picture, course and prognosis, cases were diagnosed by others around the world. ... Multiple Sclerosis / history*
[60] Revised McDonald Diagnostic Criteria Signals New Era in Multiple ... — The 2024 revisions to the McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) mark a significant advancement in the early detection and diagnosis of the disease, with new biomarkers and a broadened scope that may lead to earlier intervention and improved patient outcomes.
[61] History of multiple sclerosis | World of History — Mid-20th Century Developments 1950s-1960s: The development of new diagnostic techniques, such as the lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, helped improve the diagnosis of MS. Elevated levels of certain proteins in the CSF became a marker for the disease.
[63] The History of Diagnosis and Treatment of MS: a Brief Overview — This overview of the history of diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis serves as an introduction to the rich history of multiple sclerosis, and shows we are on a continuum of incremental advances that date back centuries. Although cases we would now recognize as multiple sclerosis can be found in older literature and diaries, the contribution of Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière in Paris in 1868 was to frame the clinical and pathological features of a disorder he called la sclérose en plaque disséminées. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease. Murray, T.J. The History of Diagnosis and Treatment of MS: a Brief Overview. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease. Multiple sclerosis: the history of a disease.
[64] The history of multiple sclerosis: the changing frame of the disease ... — The development of multiple sclerosis societies advanced research and public education and changed attitudes towards the disease. At the same time, attitudes of physicians towards management of people with multiple sclerosis changed.
[66] The impact of a patient support program for multiple sclerosis on ... — Background: Leading multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies have patient support programs (PSPs) aimed at improving patients' lives. There is limited knowledge about what drives patient satisfaction with PSPs and little evidence about its impact on patient-reported health status or health-related quality of life.
[69] World MS Day: A Historical Perspective on Multiple Sclerosis — Nerve tissue research. In 1935, Dr. Thomas Rivers found that MS was caused by changes in the nerve tissue rather than a virus. His laboratory work became known as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a very important model in future MS treatment. The founding of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
[71] Multiple Sclerosis: The History of a Disease - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — Multiple Sclerosis: The History of a Disease - PMC Multiple Sclerosis: The History of a Disease In describing the history of multiple sclerosis Murray also provides a history of neurology and the associated philosophy of science. Dr Murray educates the reader painlessly on the aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis while presenting the history of the disease. The Food and Drug Administration approved the first interferon for treatment of multiple sclerosis in 1993, with other interferons and copolymer following. The contents should be accessible to a wide audience, and provide an excellent understanding of multiple sclerosis, the history of neurology, and the philosophy of science.
[101] Does the history of multiple sclerosis go back as far as the 14th ... — A number of documents written before or shortly after the death of St. Lidwina of Schiedam (1380-1433) surprised us by their very accurate description of symptoms which for the most part correspond to the clinical criteria prevailing nowadays for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. These could be t …
[102] Multiple Sclerosis Research: History of MS (2): St. Lidwina of Schiedam ... — Over the next 34 years, Lidwina's condition slowly deteriorated. There is no indication that there were periods of remission. Lidwina eventually died at the age of 53. Lidwina's historical symptoms are consistent with those of MS, as is her age of onset, duration and course of disease. If this is correct then MS may date back to the 14th century.
[103] Recent Advances in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Multiple ... — Objective: This systematic review aims to deliver a comprehensive and critical analysis of the recent advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) from 2017 to 2024.The study seeks to identify existing research gaps and provide evidence-based recommendations to guide future research and improve clinical practices.
[104] Multiple Sclerosis: The Latest Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment — After two decades of treating patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), Flavia Nelson, M.D., ... recent advancements in stem cell therapies have improved safety and efficacy, making them a more viable option for some patients. In a stem cell transplant, an MS patient is treated with immunosuppressant medications and then infused with healthy stem
[105] What Are New Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis? - WebMD — Other recent treatment highlights include: Fingolimod treats relapsing forms of MS in children as young as 10.(It's also used in adults.) Fingolimod is a once-a-day pill. It traps certain white
[107] See Updated Pathways to Cures Roadmap | National MS Society — Multiple sclerosis experts collaborated to update a roadmap for a cure for MS. The new version reflects significant advancements in the effort to stop MS progression, restore function and repair damage from the disease, and end MS altogether. ... highlighting the significant progress in the understanding and treatment of MS since 2022 and
[108] Emerging treatments for multiple sclerosis - Mayo Clinic — There is no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, progress has been made in developing new medicines to treat it. Research is ongoing to develop new and better disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for this disease of the central nervous system.
[109] Multiple Sclerosis Recent Research - Orientation Hub — Discover latest breakthroughs in multiple sclerosis recent research, including advancements in MS treatment, symptoms management, and disease-modifying therapies, offering new hope for patients with relapsing-remitting MS, progressive MS, and other forms of the condition.
[110] Multiple sclerosis imaging: recent advances - PubMed — Multiple sclerosis imaging: recent advances J Neurol. 2013 Mar;260(3):929-35. doi: 10.1007/s00415-012-6788-8. ... We highlight the pivotal role played by conventional MRI techniques for a correct and early diagnosis of this condition and the exclusion of alternative disorders. Advanced MR methods have contributed to demonstrating how damage to
[111] Multiple sclerosis update: use of MRI for early diagnosis, disease ... — Abstract. MRI has long been established as the most sensitive in vivo technique for detecting multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. The 2010 revisions of the McDonald Criteria have simplified imaging criteria, such that a diagnosis of MS can be made on a single contrast-enhanced MRI scan in the appropriate clinical context.
[112] Advances in brain imaging in multiple sclerosis - PMC — Indeed, advanced imaging techniques have helped to detect different ... In vivo characterization of cortical and white matter neuroaxonal pathology in early multiple sclerosis. Brain 2017; 140: 2912-2926. ... Filippi M, Preziosa P, Meani A, et al. Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using
[114] Advanced MRI Techniques: Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis ... — Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), axial plane (A-C); red arrows show white matter lesions.In clinical investigations, conventional MRI has served to confirm diagnoses and evaluate the efficacy of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) by quantifying new lesion formation and volumes .Robust correlations have been established between the impact of new DMTs on new lesion
[116] From Fatigue to Balance: How Regenerative Medicine May Transform ... — While still an evolving treatment option, regenerative medicine may offer a new avenue for those seeking ways to manage their symptoms more effectively. In this article, we will explore how regenerative medicine may help with MS symptom management, offering a look at its potential to alleviate issues such as fatigue, muscle pain, and balance.
[118] Updates and advances in multiple sclerosis neurotherapeutics — However, with further understanding of more distinct targets in the CNS that drive progressive disease, immunomodulatory therapies that simultaneously reduce acute and chronic neuroinflammation – Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors – are actively being studied in later-phase clinical trials for both relapsing and progressive MS. Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Efficacy of three neuroprotective drugs in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-SMART): a phase 2b, multiarm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Effect of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs continued disease-modifying therapy on disease progression in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPI2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
[119] What's New in MS Research - September 2023 - MSAA — The other items in this iteration of “What’s New in MS Research” highlight the many avenues of inquiry researchers are pursuing to develop, assess, and optimally employ disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), other MS-focused treatments, and additional interventions to promote the overall health and well-being of people living with multiple sclerosis. Now, however, researchers analyzing data from studies that led to the FDA’s approval of Ocrevus® (ocrelizumab) for relapsing and progressive forms of MS have found that blood levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) can help predict non-relapsing progression following treatment with that therapy, which targets the CD20 protein on the surface of B cells.12
[121] Multiple Sclerosis Foundation - Stem cell therapy trial shows promise ... — Stem cell therapy trial shows promise for treating MS progression November 29, 2023 A new study suggests that the injection, of a type of stem cell, into the brains of patients living with progressive multiple sclerosis is safe, well-tolerated, and has a long-lasting effect that appears to protect the brain from further damage.
[122] Recent advances in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis ... — Recent advances in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: clinical applications and challenges. ... Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy offers a promising alternative, leveraging its immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and regenerative capabilities. ... 2023; Amin and Hersh, 2023). Research has shown that the introduction of T
[124] Stem cell therapy shows promise for treating multiple sclerosis—new study — In our new study, we show the promising results of a first-in-human, early-stage clinical trial that involved injecting brain stem cells directly into the brains of 15 patients with secondary
[144] Pathophysiology | Multiple Sclerosis - U.OSU — Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with an autoimmune role its pathogenesis. It involves degeneration of the myelin sheath, scarring and/or plaque formation and the eventual loss of axons in both the white and gray matter (McCance & Huether, 2014). The etiology of MS is still unknown, however it is thought
[145] Review of multiple sclerosis: Epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology ... — Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with demyelination, inflammation, neuronal loss, and gliosis (scarring). Our object to review MS pathophysiology causes and treatment. A Narrative Review article was conducted by searching on Google scholar, PubMed, Research Gate about relevant keywords we exclude any unique cases and case reports. The destruction of myelinated
[148] Mechanisms of Neuronal Dysfunction and Degeneration in Multiple Sclerosis — Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults in North America and Europe, affecting more than two million people worldwide (Hauser and Oksenberg, 2006; Noseworthy, 1999; Noseworthy et al., 2000; Trapp and Nave, 2008; Weinshenker, 1998). While immune-mediated destruction of CNS myelin and oligodendrocytes are considered the primary pathology of MS, it is well established that progressive axonal loss is the major cause of neurological disability in MS (Stadelmann et al., 2008; Trapp and Nave, 2008). The remaining 30% of demyelinated axons that remain in these chronic lesions have significant structural and molecular changes that are detrimental to normal function and survival (Dutta et al., 2006) These observations implicate axonal degeneration as a cause of irreversible neurological impairment during chronic progressive stages of MS.
[149] T-bet+ CXCR3+ B cells drive hyperreactive B-T cell interactions in ... — Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS, in which pro-inflammatory autoreactive CD4 + T cells are considered major effector cells in orchestrating damaging immune responses. 1, 2 We recently demonstrated that they engage in tight interactions with memory B cells resulting in pro-inflammatory differentiation, antigen-presenting function, and activation of a brain-homing
[150] B cell depletion attenuates CD27 signaling of T helper cells in ... — B cell depletion evoked alterations in CD4 + T cell composition and expression of co-stimulatory molecules, suggesting that the cell-to-cell interactions between B and T cells play a key role during MS immunopathology that could be compromised using BCDTs. Our study thereby addresses the enigmatic role of B cells in MS pathology and suggests a
[151] B and T Cells Driving Multiple Sclerosis: Identity, Mechanisms and ... — Potential contribution of EBV and genetic risk factors to pathogenic B- and Th-cell development in MS patients. Thus, under influence of specific genetic factors, EBV might join forces with IFN-γ-producing Th cells to stimulate pathogenic (T-bet+) GC B cells both in a direct (via infection and persistence in pathogenic subsets) and indirect (via TLR7/9) fashion in MS (Figure 2). Subsequently, B cells interact with IFN-γ-producing effector Th cells in germinal centers of lymphoid organs to create a feedforward loop, after which highly pathogenic subsets break through blood-CNS barriers and, together with infiltrating CD8+ CTLs are locally reactivated to cause MS pathology. 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.011 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.035 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.009 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[152] The role of B cells in Multiple Sclerosis and related disorders — Abstract. The success of clinical trials of selective B-cell depletion in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) have led to a conceptual shift in the understanding of MS pathogenesis, away from the classical model in which T cells were the sole central actors, and towards a more complex paradigm with B cells having an essential role in both the
[153] Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview — In many patients the severity and complexity of clinical manifestations of MS are severe and devastating and significantly compromise the patient's quality of life. The present chapter presents an overview of MS clinical features.
[163] Immune System Dysregulation in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis ... — Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that causes demyelination, axonal injury, and inflammation (Ghasemi et al., 2017, Sharma et al., 2021a, Sharma et al., 2021b). Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that demyelinating disease, MS, is associated with aberrant modulation of the immune system, specifically activation of T cells, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages (Høglund and Maghazachi, 2014; Van Langeelar et al., 2020; Chhabra et al., 2023). Cytokines, which are small signalling proteins, play a significant role in the progression of MS by modulating the immune response and increasing inflammation in the CNS (Kany et al., 2019).
[179] Role of B cells and antibodies in multiple sclerosis — MHCII dependent antigen presentation by B cells, together with costimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40, promotes T cell proliferation and secretion of cytokines, initiating autoimmunity through T cell activation. Increased B cells positive for CD80 were found in patients with active MS which is presumably responsible for activation
[185] Types of Multiple Sclerosis - MSAA — Types of Multiple Sclerosis; Types of Multiple Sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects each person differently. The most common types of MS are: ... "Fulminate MS" is a rapidly progressive disease course with severe relapses within five years after diagnosis; also known as "malignant MS" or "Marburg MS," this form of very active
[186] Disease Courses in Multiple Sclerosis | National MS Society — Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive disease that leads to increasing disability in many individuals. Approximately 85 percent of individuals initially present with a relapsing-remitting course of the disease (Lublin et al., 2013).Most people with relapsing remitting MS transition to a more progressive course called secondary-progressive MS (SPMS) that is characterized by accumulation
[187] Types of MS: Understanding the Stages of MS | MyMSTeam — Multiple sclerosis (MS) manifests in different patterns, depending on early symptoms and how the disease progresses. Each course represents a different type of MS, an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It's common to be diagnosed with one type and then later, if the course of disease progression changes, get a
[188] Types of MS - National Multiple Sclerosis Society — The National Multiple Sclerosis Society exists because there are people with MS. Our vision is a world free of MS. MS is unpredictable and can manifest in various ways, leading to different disease courses. ... causing the symptoms of MS. MS is currently divided into 4 different types, or disease courses,
[190] Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis: hope or reality? — Personalized treatment is highly desirable in multiple sclerosis because it is an immensely heterogeneous disease. This heterogeneity is seen in both the disease course and the treatment responses. Currently, a combination of clinical features and imaging parameters in magnetic resonance imaging is used to classify active and non-active
[191] Personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis - PubMed — The therapeutic approach in multiple sclerosis (MS) requires a personalized medicine frame beyond the precision medicine concept, which is not currently implementable due to the lack of robust biomarkers and detailed understanding of MS pathogenesis. ... For personalized treatment, it is important to ascertain disease stage and any worsening of
[192] New drugs and personalized medicine for multiple sclerosis — This progress has made personalized medicine in multiple sclerosis a realistic possibility. ... (which ensures access to disease-modifying treatments for MS through the National Health Service if
[200] Psychological interventions for multiple sclerosis - PMC — MS is a disease with an unpredictable course and prognosis is difficult to predict. Three basic types of clinical course of MS can be distinguished: 1. Relapse‐remitting MS is characterised by stable phases alternated with relapses. Relapses tend to be unpredictable and their causes are unclear.
[226] The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Managing Multiple Sclerosis — Discover how diet and lifestyle choices can impact multiple sclerosis management. Explore expert tips and research-backed strategies for healthier living. Along with medical treatment, changes in your diet, exercise and daily routines can help slow or stop the progression of MS and prevent disability.
[228] Lifestyle Tips to Thrive with Multiple Sclerosis — Anuradha Singh, D.O. Nearly 1 million people in the U.S. are living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Healthy eating: Too much salt can make MS inflammation worse, Dr. Singh says. But mood problems can actually make MS symptoms seem worse, even if MRI imaging tests don’t back that up, Dr. Singh says. Seeking support from partners, loved ones or others living with MS can help, Dr. Singh says. “Patients who live in senior homes like to join social events, such as card games or movie nights, while younger patients often go to MS support groups,” she says. On top of healthy lifestyle strategies, Dr. Singh offers these tips to help cope with the mental health challenges of MS:
[231] 5 Ways To Keep A Positive Attitude With Multiple Sclerosis — Here are eight ways to positively influence your perception of living with multiple sclerosis and improve your overall outlook: Get Educated. Knowledge is a powerful tool for living with multiple sclerosis and maintaining a positive outlook. Stay up-to-date about new multiple sclerosis treatments, approved medications, and current research studies.
[233] Resilience: Addressing the Challenges of Multiple Sclerosis - Multiple ... — Rather than making a chore of your resilience-building activities, focus on the ones you really enjoy. Watching a movie with your friends or children builds resilience. So does having a hobby and taking time to enjoy it. Taking time to meditate or engage in mindful breathing can also boost your resilience.
[234] Emotional Well-Being and Multiple Sclerosis - National MS Society — The National Multiple Sclerosis Society exists because there are people with MS. Our vision is a world free of MS. ... This mindset can increase coping strategies and lead to enhanced resilience. With each success, feelings of competence, pride and self-confidence grow stronger, contributing to your emotional well-being. ... Build and Nurture
[235] Exercise and Multiple Sclerosis: Benefits and Tips — A customized exercise plan designed by a healthcare provider can be beneficial for promoting physical exercise as a crucial part of symptom management for multiple sclerosis. The Benefits of Exercise for People with MS. Engaging in regular physical activity can be life-changing for people with MS.
[237] Exercise and multiple sclerosis - Mayo Clinic — Reduce your multiple sclerosis symptoms through exercise. ... Some studies show that the benefits of exercise far outweigh the challenges if you have MS. But remember not to overdo it and that moderation is essential. ... Spain R. Approach to symptom management in multiple sclerosis with a focus on wellness. Continuum. 2022; doi:10.1212/CON
[239] The Role of Diet and Interventions on Multiple Sclerosis: A Review — Current research provides evidence that diet may influence MS onset, course, and quality of life of the patients. In this review, we address the role of nutrition on MS pathogenesis as well as dietary interventions that show promising beneficial results with respect to MS activity and progression.
[243] Community programs and resources for persons with multiple sclerosis — MS is an unpredictable disease. Individuals with MS need to identify community programs and resources that will enhance their ability to cope effectively with the variability of the disease. Health care providers can serve as a primary link to these needed resources. In addition to providing resourc …
[244] Online MS Support Groups & Communities | National MS Society — National Multiple Sclerosis Society online communities provide people affected by multiple sclerosis the support, information and connections they need — when they need them. These communities are coordinated by trained volunteers who assist in leading conversations and ensuring community members have access to Society resources, programs and
[245] Spotlight on MSAA & MultipleSclerosis.net: A Community Alliance — The Multiple Sclerosis Association of America (MSAA) is a leading resource for the entire MS community. We provide vital programs, resources, and support for tens of thousands of people with multiple sclerosis annually. MSAA has been dedicated to the mission of Improving Lives Today since 1970.
[248] Mediterranean-like diets in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review — Mediterranean-like diet is an anti-inflammatory diet with high-fiber consumption and lower intake of saturated fatty acids which is proposed to have beneficial effects in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This investigation aims to explore the impacts of this style of diet on people living with MS, based on clinical evidence.
[249] Mediterranean diet in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review — Evidence suggests a crucial role for diet therapy in both the prevention and management of multiple sclerosis (MS). The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based and anti-inflammatory diet. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on the outcomes of MS patients.
[250] Best Diet for MS: Foods to Eat & Avoid with Multiple Sclerosis — Mediterranean Diet and Multiple Sclerosis The Mediterranean diet emphasizes whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, particularly olive oil. Closely related to the MIND diet, the Mediterranean diet has been widely studied for its anti-inflammatory benefits, making it a promising option for MS patients.
[252] Multiple Sclerosis Foundation - Coping With Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis — Multiple sclerosis is a disease that has both physical and emotional symptoms. Emotional symptoms such as stress, anxiety, worry, fear, frustration, and depression are common, and can be both a reaction to the disease and a symptom of the disease. ... By learning coping skills and stress management, there is reason for confidence that MS
[254] Behavioral Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis - PMC — Brief group-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and CBT-based interventions (eg, self-management) have been shown to reduce symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, and pain in people with MS, including via telehealth delivery. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that affects nearly 1 million people in the US.1 In addition to the accumulation of functional limitations, patients with MS commonly experience mental health and physical symptoms such as depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, and pain. However, there is considerable evidence that behavioral interventions can improve many of the most common and disabling symptoms in MS including depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, and pain as well as health behavior and self-care.
[256] Managing mental health with MS | Multiple Sclerosis News Today — A 2024 review found depression and anxiety are common with MS, with about 45% of people with MS experiencing depression and about 37% experiencing anxiety. Depression and anxiety often occur with
[257] Self‐management interventions for people with multiple sclerosis: A ... — Abstract Background and Aims. Educational self‐management interventions (SMI) have an important role in improving symptom management, preventing relapse of multiple sclerosis (MS) and promoting quality of life (QoL) of these patients; since there is little knowledge about overall effectiveness of MS self‐management programs and which types of SMI improves the outcomes, this research aims
[273] Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies - Orientation Hub — Future Directions in Multiple Sclerosis Research As researchers continue to explore the complexities of MS, several areas are expected to be at the forefront of future research. These include the development of biomarkers to predict disease activity and treatment response, the investigation of gut-brain axis interactions, and the exploration of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to
[274] Multiple Sclerosis Recent Research - Orientation Hub — Future Directions in Multiple Sclerosis Research Despite the significant progress that has been made in understanding and treating MS, there is still much to be learned about the disease. Future research should focus on identifying new therapeutic targets, developing more effective treatments, and improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Additionally, the
[276] Multiple sclerosis in 2023: beyond the boundaries — In 2023, three prominent themes have dominated multiple sclerosis research: (1) the view of the disease as a continuum, whereby inflammation and neurodegeneration coexist from onset and evolve over time in a seamless manner; (2) the search for new biomarkers to help define, monitor, or predict the disease course over time; and (3) the early identification of the disease, with implications for
[278] Updates and advances in multiple sclerosis neurotherapeutics — However, with further understanding of more distinct targets in the CNS that drive progressive disease, immunomodulatory therapies that simultaneously reduce acute and chronic neuroinflammation – Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors – are actively being studied in later-phase clinical trials for both relapsing and progressive MS. Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Efficacy of three neuroprotective drugs in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-SMART): a phase 2b, multiarm, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Effect of nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs continued disease-modifying therapy on disease progression in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPI2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
[279] Advances in gene therapy approaches targeting neuro-inflammation in ... — Advances in gene therapy approaches targeting neuro-inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases - ScienceDirect However, recent advances in gene therapy offer promising avenues for addressing neuroinflammation (Forman et al., 2004). This review aims to explore the latest advancements in gene therapy strategies that target neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. While the domain of gene therapy for NDs is still in its nascent stages, insights gained from other disorders may be effectively used to enhance the translational capacity of gene therapy for NDs. Although the effective transport of therapeutic DNA into mammalian cells by in vitro methods was established many years ago (Bibi et al., 2023), the in-vivo administration of genetic material has been hindered by many hurdles (Crystal, 2014).
[280] Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy — Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy - ScienceDirect Search ScienceDirect https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021Get rights and content Advances in our understanding of the immune mechanisms that contribute to MS have led to more than ten FDA-approved immunotherapeutic drugs that target effector T cells, regulatory cells, B cells, and cell trafficking into the nervous system. Major challenges for MS research involve understanding the mechanisms of disease progression, developing treatment for progressive MS, and determining the degree to which progressive disease can be prevented by early treatment. Previous article in issue Next article in issue Recommended articles © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Recommended articles No articles found. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[292] Impact of telehealth on health care in a multiple sclerosis outpatient ... — Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has precipitated expansion of telemedicine in outpatient management of chronic diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies conducted pre-pandemic, when telehealth was an alternative to in-person consultations, represent a different setting to current practice.
[293] A Qualitative, Multiperspective Inquiry of Multiple Sclerosis ... — The HCPs and people with MS expressed confidence in using telemedicine for routine follow-ups or MS symptom management. A nurse practitioner noted that her patients liked telemedicine, "especially if they're kind of on cruise control with their MS." ... Keszler P, Maloni H, Miles Z et al. Telemedicine and multiple sclerosis: a survey of
[295] Artificial Intelligence and Multiple Sclerosis: Up-to-Date Review — Abstract. Multiple sclerosis (MS) remains a challenging neurological disorder for the clinician in terms of diagnosis and management. The growing integration of AI-based algorithms in healthcare offers a golden opportunity for clinicians and patients with MS. AI models are based on statistical analyses of large quantities of data from patients including "demographics, genetics, clinical and