Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles from chemistry, biology, physics, and various branches of engineering to design, synthesize, and validate new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. Emerging in the 1960s, the field was formally recognized in the 1980s as researchers began applying molecular design principles to develop materials and systems with specific characteristics.[4.1] The scope of molecular engineering includes developing functional materials and devices using molecules and atoms as building blocks. It employs a bottom-up approach, allowing the construction of new materials or objects from the molecular level and the creation of entirely new molecules not found in nature.[5.1] This highly interdisciplinary field draws from chemical engineering, materials science, bioengineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and physics, utilizing sophisticated tools to analyze molecular interactions and surfaces at the molecular and nano-scale.[4.1] Molecular engineering holds the potential to revolutionize industries by enabling advancements in medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability, addressing complex real-world problems through innovative molecular design.[4.1]Key Concepts in Molecular Engineering
Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that integrates principles from chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering to design, synthesize, and validate new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. This field emerged in the 1960s, gaining formal recognition in the 1980s when researchers began applying molecular design principles to create materials with specific properties.[9.1] The essence of molecular engineering lies in its ability to manipulate molecular interactions, which include hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects. These interactions are crucial for determining the stability and functionality of various biological and chemical systems, thereby informing the design of innovative materials.[14.1] One of the key advancements in molecular engineering is the development of molecular electronics, which utilizes single molecules to create electronic components. This approach addresses challenges in traditional electronics manufacturing, particularly the need for consistent molecular conductance, which is essential for the scalability of electronic devices.[11.1] The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign has been at the forefront of this research, demonstrating how interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to breakthroughs in molecular-scale electronics.[10.1] Moreover, molecular engineering techniques are increasingly being applied to environmental sustainability. For instance, molecular biological methods are utilized in pollution control, particularly in wastewater treatment and soil improvement, showcasing the potential of these techniques to mitigate environmental pollution.[18.1] The integration of molecular engineering in developing sustainable materials is vital for addressing contemporary environmental challenges, as it allows for the creation of materials that can effectively respond to and remediate pollution.[16.1]History
Origins of Molecular Engineering
Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that emerged from the convergence of chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering, aimed at designing, synthesizing, and functionally validating new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. The origins of molecular engineering can be traced back to the 1960s, when scientists began to recognize the potential of integrating these diverse disciplines to create materials and devices with specific properties. The term "molecular engineering" was first introduced in the 1980s, coinciding with the increasing application of molecular design principles to develop novel materials and systems with predetermined characteristics.[44.1] The field has evolved significantly, particularly with the advent of genetic engineering in the 1970s, which allowed for the manipulation and transfer of genes between organisms. This breakthrough, marked by the discovery of recombinant DNA technology, revolutionized the approach to modifying living organisms and laid the groundwork for advancements in molecular engineering.[45.1] Furthermore, the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has further transformed genetic engineering, enabling precise and efficient gene manipulation, which has implications for the creation of genetically engineered materials.[49.1] Molecular engineering's interdisciplinary nature encompasses various domains, including chemical engineering, materials science, bioengineering, electrical engineering, and physics. This broad scope has facilitated the development of sophisticated tools and techniques that allow molecular engineers to analyze molecular interactions and surface properties at the nanoscale, thereby enhancing the understanding of intermolecular and surface interactions critical to numerous industrial processes.[69.1] As a result, molecular engineering continues to advance, promising to revolutionize various industries through the creation of materials and systems with unprecedented properties.Milestones in Development
Molecular engineering has evolved significantly over the years, marked by several key milestones that have shaped its development. The field began with foundational principles rooted in chemical synthesis and materials science, which laid the groundwork for advancements in rational design. This evolution has been driven by the integration of computational tools and advanced characterization techniques, enabling the creation of tailored molecular architectures.[46.1] The interdisciplinary nature of molecular engineering combines elements from chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology, allowing researchers to manipulate molecules at the atomic and molecular levels. This multidisciplinary approach has led to groundbreaking advancements across various sectors, including medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability.[47.1] A notable advancement in the field has been the application of machine learning to molecular and materials science. Machine learning techniques have been adapted to predict electronic properties and guide materials discovery workflows, enhancing the efficiency of molecular design and synthesis processes.[48.1] This integration of computational methods has significantly improved the understanding of molecular interactions and biological processes, expanding the capabilities of molecular modeling and simulation.[53.1] The introduction of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has also been pivotal, providing insights into atomic-level behaviors and interactions of molecules. These simulations have transformed computational biology, enabling researchers to explore complex biological systems and drug resistance mechanisms with unprecedented detail.[57.1] The exponential growth in computational resources and software development has further enhanced the applicability of these simulations, facilitating advancements in personalized medicine and drug development.[56.1] Additionally, the emergence of CRISPR technology has revolutionized genetic engineering, offering new possibilities for molecular engineering applications. This technology has enabled precise genetic manipulation across various organisms, highlighting its profound implications for biotechnology and future innovations in the field.[59.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Breakthroughs in Biotechnology
Recent advancements in molecular engineering have catalyzed significant breakthroughs in biotechnology, particularly in gene editing, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine. The CRISPR-Cas9 system stands out as a transformative innovation in gene editing, achieving a landmark in 2023 with the approval of Casgevy, the first CRISPR-based gene therapy for sickle cell disease in the UK and US. This milestone underscores the rapid evolution of biotechnological applications and the potential of mRNA technologies in modern biotech advancements.[84.1] In regenerative medicine, molecular engineering has propelled stem cell research and tissue engineering forward. Techniques such as stem cell transplantation offer promising strategies for tissue repair in degenerative diseases and injuries. Recent efforts have focused on identifying and isolating various stem cell types, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult stem cells, which are crucial for applications in bone and cartilage regeneration and the treatment of neurological disorders.[107.1] Additionally, the field of synthetic biology and biomanufacturing is rapidly expanding, driven by breakthroughs in engineering biological systems.[108.1] The integration of molecular engineering into personalized medicine has revolutionized therapeutic strategies. Advances in genomics and biotechnology facilitate individualized healthcare approaches, enabling disease risk prediction and treatment customization based on genetic profiles. This shift from a one-size-fits-all model to a personalized understanding of health and disease highlights the role of molecular engineering in enhancing precision in diagnosis and treatment.[92.1]In this section:
Applications
Biotechnology Applications
Molecular engineering plays a pivotal role in biotechnology, particularly in the development of biopharmaceuticals and innovative therapeutic strategies. The manipulation of organisms' genes through genetic engineering has revolutionized various industries, enabling the production of vital products such as vaccines and therapies. The discovery of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s marked a significant advancement in this field, allowing for unprecedented capabilities in gene modification and manipulation.[118.1] Additionally, molecular engineering techniques have facilitated the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with therapeutic and diagnostic applications, enhancing the efficacy of treatments.[128.1] Furthermore, molecular engineering is instrumental in the creation of adjuvants that enhance the immune response to protective antigens. By employing molecular engineering rather than traditional chemical modification, researchers can improve the uptake and processing of these antigens, leading to more effective systemic and mucosal immunity.[127.1] This approach underscores the potential of molecular engineering to optimize therapeutic outcomes in the pharmaceutical industry. The integration of molecular engineering principles extends beyond traditional applications, influencing the design and optimization of materials in renewable energy sectors as well. For instance, the development of biocatalysts through molecular engineering has opened new avenues for sustainable practices in biotechnology.[126.1] Overall, the applications of molecular engineering in biotechnology not only advance medical science but also contribute to the creation of sustainable solutions across various industries.Interdisciplinary Connections
Relationship with Nanotechnology
The relationship between molecular engineering and nanotechnology is pivotal in advancing sustainable materials and innovative electronic devices. The Nanoscale Interactions program, which is part of the Environmental Engineering and Sustainability cluster, aims to enhance the understanding of interactions involving nanomaterials and nanosystems, thereby supporting research that contributes to sustainable practices in material development.[161.1] This integration of nanoscale interactions is crucial for the advancement of environmentally sustainable nanomaterials, as it incorporates principles of green chemistry during their synthesis and application.[162.1] Recent research highlights the potential of biomass-based nanomaterials, such as nanocellulose and lignin, which can be derived from industrial side streams. These materials are promising for creating lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable solutions that align with the goals of a sustainable circular bioeconomy.[164.1] Additionally, innovative methods for integrating metal atoms with elastomeric chains have led to the development of stretchable conductors that exhibit environmental resilience, showcasing practical applications of nanoscale interactions in molecular engineering.[163.1] Moreover, molecular electronics, a branch of nanotechnology, utilizes single molecules as electronic components, presenting opportunities for creating more efficient electronic devices. The historical concept of molecular engineering, proposed by Arthur Von Hippel, emphasizes the bottom-up approach of developing electronics from atomic and molecular structures.[185.1] This approach is further supported by advancements in integrated electronics and optoelectronics, which leverage organic semiconductors for applications in displays, photovoltaics, and biosensing.[186.1] The exploration of natural and synthetic biopolymers for electronic devices has also gained traction, as these materials offer flexibility, biodegradability, and cost-effective large-scale fabrication while maintaining high performance.[187.1] The potential of molecular nanotechnology extends beyond electronics; it promises cleaner energy sources, reduced manufacturing waste, and solutions to complex environmental challenges such as water purification and carbon capture.[188.1] This multifaceted relationship between molecular engineering and nanotechnology is essential for fostering innovation and addressing sustainability challenges across various industries.Integration with Other Engineering Disciplines
Molecular engineering is inherently interdisciplinary, drawing from a diverse array of fields including chemical engineering, materials science, bioengineering, electrical engineering, physics, mechanical engineering, and chemistry.[158.1] This multidisciplinary nature allows molecular engineers to utilize sophisticated tools and instruments to analyze molecular interactions and the surfaces of materials at the molecular and nano-scale.[158.1] The integration of these disciplines facilitates the design and manipulation of molecules at the atomic level, leading to significant advancements in various sectors such as medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability.[160.1] The concept of molecular engineering has evolved since its inception in the 1960s, when scientists began to recognize the potential of merging chemistry, biology, and engineering to create materials and devices with specific properties.[160.1] The term itself was coined in the 1980s, marking a formal recognition of the field's potential to revolutionize industries through the application of molecular design principles.[160.1] Moreover, the intersection of molecular engineering with synthetic biology exemplifies the potential for innovative applications. For instance, synthetic biology focuses on constructing artificial systems capable of chemical communication, while molecular communication engineering seeks to understand and exploit how cells communicate.[166.1] This synergy can lead to the development of new requirements for synthetic biological and chemical systems, enhancing experimental design and application.[165.1] In healthcare, molecular engineering's integration with biological sciences has led to advancements in cell-based therapies, particularly in oncology, where engineered T-cells have shown improved clinical outcomes.[170.1] Additionally, the engineering of molecular pathways is crucial for developing therapies that address genetic disorders, showcasing the practical implications of interdisciplinary collaboration in molecular engineering.[170.1]In this section:
Challenges And Ethical Considerations
Technical Challenges
Researchers in molecular engineering face a variety of technical challenges, particularly in the context of regulatory compliance, which can significantly impact the pace of innovation in the field. One major issue is the variability in regulatory requirements for plasmid DNA manufacturing, which differ based on the intended use and jurisdiction. For instance, plasmid DNA intended for pre-clinical studies and early clinical phases (I/II) is subject to less stringent regulations compared to those used in clinical phase III studies and commercial applications.[222.1] This inconsistency can create hurdles for researchers aiming to advance their work through various stages of development. Moreover, excessive and often unscientific regulations have historically impeded innovation in molecular genetic engineering. Critics argue that regulations based on pseudoscience can be destructive and regressive, stifling potential breakthroughs that could significantly enhance diagnostic precision and patient care.[224.1] The need for clearer regulatory pathways is underscored by ongoing initiatives in the UK, which aim to support innovation by ensuring that diagnostics are both safe and effective while addressing the challenges posed by infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance.[223.1] Additionally, the size of a firm can influence its capacity for innovation, as larger organizations often face a "tsunami" of labor market regulations that can deter them from pursuing new developments. Research indicates that firms are less likely to innovate when increasing their workforce leads to additional regulatory burdens, particularly in countries like France.[225.1] This suggests that regulatory frameworks must be carefully considered to foster an environment conducive to innovation in molecular engineering.Ethical Implications
The ethical implications of molecular engineering encompass a range of considerations that are critical to the responsible advancement of the field. One significant area of concern is the ethical framework guiding research practices, particularly in the context of emerging technologies such as CRISPR. Researchers have identified fundamental ethical issues, including the extent of permissible CRISPR use, access to its applications, and the need for regulatory frameworks that accommodate various types of human genome editing, including germline modifications.[207.1] Moreover, the integration of ethical considerations into the research lifecycle is essential. The Engineering Biology Research Consortium has developed a Statement of Ethics to assist researchers in incorporating long-term ethical implications into their work.[200.1] This initiative reflects a broader trend in molecular systems engineering (MSE), which aims to establish normative and empirical guidelines to navigate the ethical landscape of clinical innovation.[199.1] Public safety is another critical aspect of ethical considerations in molecular engineering. The balance between fostering innovation and ensuring safety is particularly pertinent in high-risk biological research, such as dual-use research of concern (DURC) and studies involving pathogens with enhanced pandemic potential.[209.1] Discussions surrounding biosafety have gained renewed attention, especially in light of recent global health crises, highlighting the necessity of addressing public safety concerns while promoting scientific progress.[208.1] Furthermore, the environmental impacts of molecular engineering raise ethical questions regarding sustainability and societal implications. For instance, the production and use of biodegradable materials like polylactic acid (PLA) have prompted discussions about their feasibility and environmental consequences, emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments.[203.1] The United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underscores the importance of aligning scientific advancements with global sustainability goals, advocating for strategies that mitigate negative environmental impacts.[204.1]In this section:
Regulatory RequirementsRegulationsMolecular GeneticInfectious DiseasesAntimicrobial Resistance
References
[4] What is molecular engineering? - California Learning Resource Network — Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines concepts from chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering to design, synthesize, and functionally validate new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. The concept of molecular engineering dates back to the 1960s, when scientists began to realize the potential of combining chemistry, biology, and engineering to create new materials and devices with specific properties. The term "molecular engineering" was first coined in the 1980s, as researchers started to use molecular design principles to create novel materials and systems with predetermined properties. Molecular engineering is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and create new materials and devices with unprecedented properties. Molecular engineering has the potential to create new materials, devices, and systems with specific properties.
[5] Pathways in Molecular Engineering | Summer — Molecular engineers may build new materials or objects from the molecule up, or even create new molecules that do not exist in nature. This course will provide an overview of the basic components of engineering -- design principles, modeling, and optimization -- as they can be applied at the molecular level in order to address real-world problems.
[9] What is molecular engineering? - California Learning Resource Network — Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines concepts from chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering to design, synthesize, and functionally validate new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. The concept of molecular engineering dates back to the 1960s, when scientists began to realize the potential of combining chemistry, biology, and engineering to create new materials and devices with specific properties. The term "molecular engineering" was first coined in the 1980s, as researchers started to use molecular design principles to create novel materials and systems with predetermined properties. Molecular engineering is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and create new materials and devices with unprecedented properties. Molecular engineering has the potential to create new materials, devices, and systems with specific properties.
[10] The Future of Electronics: Advancements in Molecular Devices — The Future of Electronics: Advancements in Molecular Devices - Central Science The Future of Electronics: Advancements in Molecular Devices To surmount these barriers, the field of molecular electronics emerges as a promising alternative, utilizing single molecules to create electronic components. Such consistency is essential for scaling the production of electronic components that need to exhibit identical functional characteristics—an obstacle that has previously thwarted the commercialization of molecular electronic devices. The work being done at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign showcases the potential for interdisciplinary teams to overcome longstanding challenges in electronic device manufacturing, heralding a new era of molecular-scale electronics that may very well change the dynamics of how we engage with technology in the years to come.
[11] The Future of Electronics: Advancements in Molecular Conductance — Current challenges in the commercialization of molecular electronics largely stem from the difficulties associated with achieving consistent molecular conductance. Researchers are hopeful that the advancements highlighted by the team at the University of Illinois can catalyze a new wave of miniaturized, efficient electronic devices ready for
[14] Supramolecular Biofunctional Materials - PMC — This review discusses supramolecular biofunctional materials, a novel class of biomaterials formed by small molecules that are held together via noncovalent interactions. The complexity of biology and relevant biomedical problems not only inspire, but also demand effective molecular design for functional materials. Supramolecular biofunctional materials offer (almost) unlimited possibilities
[16] Molecular biological methods in environmental engineering — APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY METHODS IN POLLUTION CONTROL Application in water environmental pollution control. Urban rivers are an important carrier of urban ecological environment. In recent years, the rapid development of the city has caused many pressures on urban rivers, seriously affecting the quality of life and health of residents.
[18] Molecular biological techniques used in environmental engineering ... — The microbes used for treating wastewater are a vital method for protecting the environment. The current use of molecular techniques that do not require microorganism isolation and cultivation (Amann et al., 1998), including a study of 16S rRNA (Beer et al., 2004, Gilbride and Fulthorpe, 2004, Layton et al., 2000) and FISH (Coskuner and Curtis
[44] Molecular engineering - Wikipedia — Molecular engineering - Wikipedia Molecular engineering Molecular engineering deals with material development efforts in emerging technologies that require rigorous rational molecular design approaches towards systems of high complexity. Molecular engineering is highly interdisciplinary by nature, encompassing aspects of chemical engineering, materials science, bioengineering, electrical engineering, physics, mechanical engineering, and chemistry. Molecular design has been an important element of many disciplines in academia, including bioengineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, materials science, mechanical engineering and chemistry. Molecular engineers utilize sophisticated tools and instruments to make and analyze the interactions of molecules and the surfaces of materials at the molecular and nano-scale. "Molecular Engineering". ^ "Molecular Systems Design & Engineering". Engineering Engineer Engineering Molecular engineering
[45] History of Genetic Engineering: Invention and Timeline — The first genetically engineered organisms were the product of advancements in technology that allowed scientists to manipulate and transfer genes between different organisms. Genetic engineering, the manipulation of organisms’ genes by scientists using technology and techniques, has revolutionized various industries. The discovery of recombinant DNA technology by scientists in the 1970s revolutionized genetic engineering and opened up new possibilities for manipulating and modifying genes. In the field of genetic engineering, the discovery and development of techniques for manipulating genes revolutionized the way scientists approach the modification of living organisms. The discovery and development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering, allowing scientists to manipulate the genes of organisms with unprecedented precision and ease.
[46] Advancements in Molecular Engineering: Innovations at the Nexus of ... — This abstract explores recent advances, highlighting key breakthroughs and their transformative impacts. Starting with its roots in chemical synthesis and materials science, it traces the evolution towards rational design driven by computational tools and advanced characterization techniques, enabling tailored molecular architectures.
[47] PDF — Open Access ISSN: 2169-0316 Industrial Engineering & Management Molecular Engineering: Revolutionizing Science and Technology Abstract Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines principles from chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology to design and manipulate molecules at the atomic and molecular level. Received: 01 May 2023, Manuscript No. iem-23-105123; Editor Assigned: 03 May 2023, Pre-QC No. 105123; Reviewed: 15 May 2023, QC No. Q-105123; Revised: 20 May 2023, Manuscript No. R-105123; Published: 27 May 2023, DOI: 10.37421/2169-0316.2023.12.204 Introduction Molecular engineering is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from chemistry, physics, materials science, and biology to design and manipulate molecules at the atomic and molecular level. By leveraging the principles of chemistry, physics, and biology, researchers can design and manipulate molecules and materials at the atomic and molecular levels, leading to ground-breaking advancements in medicine, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability.
[48] Machine learning for molecular and materials science | Nature — Machine learning for molecular and materials science A radial-distribution-function description of periodic solids is adapted for machine-learning models and applied to predict the electronic density of states for a range of materials. P. Neural-symbolic machine learning for retrosynthesis and reaction prediction. This study uses machine learning to guide all stages of a materials discovery workflow from quantum-chemical calculations to materials synthesis. V. Learning surface molecular structures via machine vision. Accelerating materials property predictions using machine learning. In an early example of harnessing materials databases, information on known compounds is used to construct a machine-learning model to predict the viability of previously unreported chemistries. J. Quantum-enhanced machine learning. Machine learning for molecular and materials science.
[49] Genetically engineered materials: Proteins and beyond — Genetically engineered materials are superior in that their properties are coded within genetic sequences and could be fine-tuned. In this review, we elaborate the concept of genetically engineered materials (GEMs) using examples ranging from engineered protein materials to engineered living materials.
[53] Implementing Computational Methods to Revolutionize Science ... — Conclusion These new advancements have improved our comprehension of basic biological processes and molecular interactions in addition to broadening the range of what is computationally possible and new findings in molecular modeling has fueled scientific advancement in a wide range of fields, including biophysics, protein engineering, materials science, drug discovery and more. Citation: Alvarez D (2024) Implementing Computational Methods to Revolutionize Science: Advancements in Molecular Modeling. These new advancements have improved our comprehension of basic biological processes and molecular interactions in addition to broadening the range of what is computationally possible and new findings in molecular modeling has fueled scientific advancement in a wide range of fields, including biophysics, protein engineering, materials science, drug discovery and more.
[56] Recent Advances in Simulation Software and Force Fields: Their ... — molecular and structural biology, providing valuable insights that were previously accessible only through labor-intensive and time-consuming experimental approaches. The exponen-tial growth in computational resources, combined with advances in software development and engineering, has since
[57] PDF — https://doi.org/10.59298/JCAS/2024/91.152126001 Advancements and Future Directions in Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations Aline Clementine Beatrice Faculty of Engineering Kampala International University Uganda ABSTRACT Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations stand as a cornerstone in computational biology, offering unprecedented insights into atomic-level behaviors and interactions of molecules. Computational approaches to understanding drug resistance mechanisms include structural biology insights, simulation studies, genomic and omics data analysis, and machine learning and predictive models . CONCLUSION In conclusion, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations represent a transformative force in computational biology, enabling unparalleled insights into the dynamic behaviors and interactions of molecules and atoms at atomic scales. Emerging technologies like high-performance computing, quantum computing, and multi-scale modeling are expected to further enhance MD simulations' capabilities, accelerating discoveries in personalized medicine, refining drug development processes, and deepening our understanding of biological complexity.
[59] CRISPR Tools for Engineering Prokaryotic Systems: Recent ... - PubMed — In the past decades, the broad selection of CRISPR-Cas systems has revolutionized biotechnology by enabling multimodal genetic manipulation in diverse organisms. Rooted in a molecular engineering perspective, we recapitulate the different CRISPR components and how they can be designed for specific g …
[69] Intermolecular and Surface Interactions in Engineering Processes — Intermolecular and surface interactions play a critical role in a wide range of industrial interfacial processes, such as bubble attachment, emulsion stabilization and coalescence, flocculation and coagulation, fouling and scaling phenomena, and wastewater treatment .The studies on related intermolecular and surface interactions can improve the understanding of the fundamental working
[84] Top Five Biotech Breakthroughs That Shaped 2023 — The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a revolutionary gene-editing technology first developed approximately 11 years ago (Jinek et al, 2012). 2023 marked a historic year for CRISPR, with a groundbreaking achievement with the drug Casgevy: the first clinical approval of CRISPR as a cell-based gene therapy for treating sickle cell disease in the UK and US. These expanding applications embody the essence of biotechnological innovation, making mRNA technologies a standout in 2023's biotech advancements. CAR-T cell therapy: A breakthrough cancer treatment, yet its high cost and complexity limited its broader impact compared to other candidates on the list. Cell-Based Therapies: Show great promise in regenerative medicine but are still evolving in terms of technology and market readiness.
[92] Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine: Synergy with Multi-Omics Data ... — The history of personalized medicine is punctuated by significant milestones in genetics, technology, and clinical applications, shifting healthcare from a one-size-fits-all approach to a more individualized understanding of the molecular basis of health and disease and effective treatment strategies . Advances in genomics and biotechnology in the 21st century are enabling more personalized approaches to medicine, predicting disease risks, and tailoring treatments to individual genetic profiles. Personalized medicine leverages these images in conjunction with genetic data to gain deeper insights into disease mechanisms in individual patients, enhancing precision in diagnosis and treatment strategies . Through the integration of genetic, molecular, and clinical data, personalized medicine enables more accurate diagnosis, precise treatment targeting, and effective disease management.
[107] Advancements and challenges in stem cell transplantation for ... — Stem cell transplantation has emerged as a promising avenue in regenerative medicine, potentially facilitating tissue repair in degenerative diseases and injuries. This review comprehensively examines recent developments and challenges in stem cell transplantation. It explores the identification and isolation of various stem cell types, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, and adult stem
[108] Recent Advances in Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering for Building ... — In the field of cellular and molecular bioengineering (CMBE), engineering biological systems is one of the fastest-growing areas, especially with recent research breakthroughs simultaneously in multiple fields, including stem cell research, tissue engineering, gene editing, synthetic biology, omics, and biomanufacturing. Efforts have also been focused on engineering lymphoid cells and organs, including bone marrow, thymus tissue, and lymph nodes.49 For instance, recreating the bone marrow niche allows for the maintenance and expansion of the CD34+ cell population.28,65 Recapitulating the interaction of stromal cells (genetically engineered to express DLL1 for Notch activation) and human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) enables the long-term maintenance of lymphoid progenitors and improves the efficiency of differentiation and positive selection of human T cells.93 Activated B cells can be produced from engineered immune organoids mimicking the germinal center.2,67,74,80 The development of these in vitro systems provides an opportunity for investigating the physiology and pathology of immune systems and for
[118] History of Genetic Engineering: Invention and Timeline — The first genetically engineered organisms were the product of advancements in technology that allowed scientists to manipulate and transfer genes between different organisms. Genetic engineering, the manipulation of organisms’ genes by scientists using technology and techniques, has revolutionized various industries. The discovery of recombinant DNA technology by scientists in the 1970s revolutionized genetic engineering and opened up new possibilities for manipulating and modifying genes. In the field of genetic engineering, the discovery and development of techniques for manipulating genes revolutionized the way scientists approach the modification of living organisms. The discovery and development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering, allowing scientists to manipulate the genes of organisms with unprecedented precision and ease.
[126] Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharming for Biopharmaceuticals — Also contributing to the rapid progress are the innovations in gene therapies, antisense, cell surface engineering and molecular diagnostics. The production of biopharmaceuticals via recombinant technologies has led to new, ... Pharmaceutical Applications of Biocatalysis. Tripathi RC, editor. New Delhi: Gene-Tech; 2006. [Google Scholar] 20.
[127] Molecular pharming: Future targets and aspirations - PMC — Adjuvanting protective antigens by molecular engineering rather than chemical modification could augment their uptake and processing, through a natural presentation pathway. This in turn could lead to the development of both systemic and mucosal immunity, neutralizing antibodies, CD4 + T-cell helper responses and cross-presentation for MHC
[128] Molecular engineering of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic ... — This review presents the latest molecular engineering results on mAbs with therapeutic and diagnostic applications. ... Bacillus anthracis (Anthin®/Elusys Therapeutics). 47 Therapeutic assays have been performed with MLN2704 (Millennium Pharmaceuticals ... Andreas Plückthun's group pioneered the development of the molecular engineering
[158] Molecular engineering - Wikipedia — Molecular engineering - Wikipedia Molecular engineering Molecular engineering deals with material development efforts in emerging technologies that require rigorous rational molecular design approaches towards systems of high complexity. Molecular engineering is highly interdisciplinary by nature, encompassing aspects of chemical engineering, materials science, bioengineering, electrical engineering, physics, mechanical engineering, and chemistry. Molecular design has been an important element of many disciplines in academia, including bioengineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, materials science, mechanical engineering and chemistry. Molecular engineers utilize sophisticated tools and instruments to make and analyze the interactions of molecules and the surfaces of materials at the molecular and nano-scale. "Molecular Engineering". ^ "Molecular Systems Design & Engineering". Engineering Engineer Engineering Molecular engineering
[160] What is molecular engineering? - California Learning Resource Network — Molecular engineering is a multidisciplinary field that combines concepts from chemistry, biology, physics, and engineering to design, synthesize, and functionally validate new materials, devices, and systems at the molecular level. The concept of molecular engineering dates back to the 1960s, when scientists began to realize the potential of combining chemistry, biology, and engineering to create new materials and devices with specific properties. The term "molecular engineering" was first coined in the 1980s, as researchers started to use molecular design principles to create novel materials and systems with predetermined properties. Molecular engineering is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential to revolutionize various industries and create new materials and devices with unprecedented properties. Molecular engineering has the potential to create new materials, devices, and systems with specific properties.
[161] Nanoscale Interactions | NSF - National Science Foundation — The Nanoscale Interactions program is part of the Environmental Engineering and Sustainability cluster, which also includes: 1) the Environmental Engineering program; and 2) the Environmental Sustainability program.. The goal of the Nanoscale Interactions program is to support research to advance fundamental and quantitative understanding of the interactions of nanomaterials and nanosystems
[162] Sustainable Nanoscale Engineering - ScienceDirect — Challenges and Directions for Green Chemical Engineering—Role of Nanoscale Materials - ScienceDirect A critical analysis of environmental sustainability metrics applied to green synthesis of nanomaterials and the assessment of environmental risks associated with the nanotechnology This importance has led to the need to advance in the development of environmentally sustainable and safe nanomaterials by incorporating the principles of green chemistry during their synthesis and in their applications. This review provides an overview of green chemistry and its application in nanotechnology, but also an analysis of the use of green chemistry principles in the development of bio-based nanobiotechnology and nanosynthesis, with special emphasis on the use of sustainability's metrics for the quantitative analysis of nanomaterial synthesis protocols.
[163] Nanoscale integration for environment-resistant flexible conductors ... — An article in Nature Communications presents a method for the nanoscale integration of metal atoms with elastomeric chains, leading to stretchable conductors that are environmentally resilient.
[164] Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for ... — This review presents recent advances regarding biomass-based nanomaterials, focusing on their surface interactions. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles, like nanocellulose and lignin from industry side streams, hold great potential for the development of lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable material solutions for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. However, to obtain optimal
[165] Toward Interdisciplinary Synergies in Molecular Communications ... — For example, while synthetic biology focuses on the construction of artificial systems capable of communicating via chemical exchanges with other artificial or with biological systems, the communication engineering approach focuses on the understanding of how cells communicate with each other and exploit the underlying principles in order to use molecular communications for useful purposes. A natural question is therefore whether adopting tools and modeling approaches from molecular communications can provide a formal framework to develop new requirements for synthetic biological and chemical systems to guide experimental design. This perspective article is based on the discussion initially held at the first Virtual Workshop on Molecular Communications and Synthetic Biology (16–17 June 2022), which was organized by Murat Kuscu, Michael Barros, and Malcolm Egan, bringing together specialists in diverse fields: Michael Booth, Ramiro Frick, Maurizio Magarini, Daniel Martins, Pasquale Stano.
[166] Toward Interdisciplinary Synergies in Molecular Communications ... — Within many chemical and biological systems, both synthetic and natural, communication via chemical messengers is widely viewed as a key feature. Often known as molecular communication, such communication has been a concern in the fields of synthetic biologists, nanotechnologists, communications engineers, and philosophers of science. However, interactions between these fields are currently
[170] Applications of Molecular Engineering in T-cell-based Immunotherapies — The advances in engineering molecular pathways to drive the development and function of T-cells have greatly enhanced the repertoire of cell-based therapies for with improved clinical outcomes in oncology, which in turn have driven the rapid evolution of engineering strategies.
[185] Molecular electronics - Wikipedia — Molecular electronics Molecular scale electronics[edit] Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. One of the biggest hindrances for single-molecule electronics to be commercially exploited is the lack of means to connect a molecular sized circuit to bulk electrodes in a way that gives reproducible results. The first time in history molecular electronics are mentioned was in 1956 by the German physicist Arthur Von Hippel, who suggested a bottom-up procedure of developing electronics from atoms and molecules rather than using prefabricated materials, an idea he named molecular engineering. Molecular materials for electronics[edit] "Molecular Electronics".
[186] Molecular Electronics: From Nanostructure Assembly to Device ... — Integrated electronics and optoelectronics based on organic semiconductors have attracted considerable interest in displays, photovoltaics, and biosensing owing to their designable electronic properties, solution processability, and flexibility. Miniaturization and integration of devices are growing trends in molecular electronics and optoelectronics for practical applications, which requires
[187] Electronic biopolymers: From molecular engineering to functional devices — Until now, many natural or synthetic biopolymers have emerged for electronic devices, such as battery, photovoltaic, sensor, display, transistor, memory, friction generator as the substrates, active layers and electrodes, which endow the bioelectronics with flexibility and biodegradability together with large-scale fabrication at low cost while maintaining the high performance , , , . The second section highlights the typically electronic devices based on biopolymers, which are mainly categorized into five subfields: energy device, sensor, flexible display, bionic application and others as shown in Fig. 1. Although many excellent reviews have covered the properties of natural materials, such as wood-derived materials [5,39–42], cellulose paper , nanocellulose paper , regenerated cellulose film , and other biodegradable polymers [46–52], and their applications in green electronics [2,3,6,53–57], an integrated understanding of the latest strategies for the design and functionalization of biomass materials to “green” electronics is needed.
[188] 10 Exciting Breakthroughs in Molecular Nanotechnology That Will ... — Additionally, molecular nanotechnology has the potential to create cleaner energy sources, drastically reduce waste in manufacturing, and even tackle complex environmental challenges like water purification and carbon capture. These advancements fueled further investment in molecular nanotechnology research, with institutions and governments recognizing its potential to revolutionize industries like healthcare, energy, and manufacturing. Molecular nanotechnology could drastically change the manufacturing landscape by enabling atomically precise construction and the creation of advanced materials with new properties. From revolutionizing healthcare and energy production to enabling atomically precise manufacturing and environmental cleanup, molecular nanotechnology has the potential to reshape entire industries. Nanofabrication: Future advancements in molecular nanotechnology could lead to the development of advanced nanofabrication techniques that allow for the precise construction of materials and devices at the atomic scale.
[199] Ethical and Regulatory Questions Related to Engineered Molecular ... — Molecular Systems Engineering (MSE) incarnates a novel approach to clinical innovation that considerably expands the toolbox of molecular sciences and healthcare both theoretically and technically. ... Normative and empirical research on the ethics of MSE will result in specific ethical guidelines to guide the long-term development of the field
[200] Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research — Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research - PubMed Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research 1 Engineering Biology Research Consortium, Emeryville, California 94608, United States. 10 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States. Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research 1 Engineering Biology Research Consortium, Emeryville, California 94608, United States. 10 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States. Together, we developed a Statement of Ethics in Engineering Biology Research to guide researchers as they incorporate the consideration of long-term ethical implications of their work into every phase of the research lifecycle. Holding the Project Accountable: Research Governance, Ethics, and Democracy. Research Personnel / ethics
[203] Environmental Impacts of Polylactic Acid Synthesis via Diverse ... — Polylactic acid (PLA), with its remarkable characteristics and excellent biodegradability, has raised intensive research on production feedstock and synthesis techniques. However, most of this research remains limited to the laboratory scale due to uncertainties regarding feasibility and environmental impacts. In this study, a progressive analysis framework was established to evaluate the
[204] Perspectives on Sustainable Processes in Chemical Engineering - Springer — In September 2015, the United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This Agenda calls for action by all countries to achieve 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), looking for strategies that help end poverty, reduce inequalities, improve health and education, and tackle climate change. Chemistry & sustainable development goals. Retrieved July 16, 2023, from https://www.acs.org/sustainability/chemistry-sustainable-development-goals.html Sustainability and development after COVID-19. Sustainable development agenda: 2030. Fuso Nerini, F., Sovacool, B., Hughes, N., Cozzi, L., Cosgrave, E., Howells, M., Tavoni, M., Tomei, J., Zerriffi, H., & Milligan, B. Nature Sustainability, 2(8), 674–680. Sustainable development goals and the role of chemists and chemical sciences. Engineering for Sustainable Development. COVID-19 and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://www.ohchr.org/en/sdgs/covid-19-and-2030-agenda-sustainable-development#:~:text=TheCOVID-19pandemic has,and injusticeacrosstheglobe. Aristizábal-Marulanda, V., Ramírez-Corona, N., Segovia-Hernández, J.G.
[207] CRISPR ethics: moral considerations for applications of a powerful tool — Here we review fundamental ethical issues including the following: 1) the extent to which CRISPR use should be permitted; 2) access to CRISPR applications; 3) whether a regulatory framework(s) for clinical research involving human subjects might accommodate all types of human genome editing, including editing of the germline; and 4) whether international regulations governing inappropriate CRISPR use should be crafted and publicized. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9, research ethics, genome editing, genetic engineering, research involving human subjects, bioengineering
[208] A balance between innovation and biosafety - PMC — At the same time, biosafety issues have been raised that, based in part on discussions of the origin of SARS-CoV-2, may hamper the rapid development of these new approaches. Clearly, developing a balance between facilitating innovation and allaying biosafety concerns is critical. Hu et al. provide a useful example of both sides of this issue
[209] Balancing Innovation and Safety: Frameworks and Considerations for the ... — Background: Governance of high-risk biological research, specifically dual-use research of concern (DURC) and pathogens with enhanced pandemic potential (PEPP), is a topic of renewed interest. This study considers the historical evolution of biosecurity policies, highlighting current challenges in balancing scientific progress with national security and public safety. Methods: A historical
[222] Challenges and Regulatory Requirements in Plasmid DNA Manufacturing ... — The regulatory requirements for plasmid DNA manufacturing vary depending on the intended use and jurisdiction in which it is produced and distributed. In general, plasmid DNA used for pre-clinical study and clinical phase I/II, is less stringent than being employed for clinical phase III studies and commercial application.
[223] Innovative diagnostic technologies: navigating regulatory frameworks ... — Innovative diagnostic technologies: navigating regulatory frameworks through advances, challenges, and future prospects - ScienceDirect Innovative diagnostic technologies: navigating regulatory frameworks through advances, challenges, and future prospects However, many diseases still do not have effective diagnostics and much of the global population faces restricted access to reliable, affordable testing. In the UK, initiatives aim to support innovation by providing clearer regulatory pathways and ensuring that diagnostics are safe and effective. This Series paper explores the regulatory challenges in infectious disease and antimicrobial resistance diagnostics, focusing on the UK's response and the broader global efforts to address these issues. Previous article in issue Next article in issue No articles found. For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
[224] Regulation of Molecular Genetic Engineering Must Be Evidence-Based — For decades, excessive, unscientific regulation has slowed innovation using molecular genetic engineering. Policymakers must awaken to the realization that regulations based on pseudoscience or nescience are destructive and regressive. Tremendous innovations await, if only we have the wisdom to permit them to be developed.
[225] Does regulation hurt innovation? This study says yes - MIT Sloan — MIT Sloan Fellows MBAA full-time MBA program for mid-career leaders eager to dedicate one year of discovery for a lifetime of impact. Firms are less likely to innovate if increasing their head count leads to additional regulation, a new study from MIT Sloan finds. “In France in particular, when firms get to a certain size — 50 employees — a variable tsunami of labor market regulation comes down on them,” Van Reenen said in a presentation. “As the market size gets bigger, firms innovate more,” Van Reenen said. The mission of the MIT Sloan School of Management is to develop principled, innovative leaders who improve the world and to generate ideas that advance management practice.