Learning health systems is a conceptual and operational paradigm that integrates healthcare delivery and research functions into an iterative cycle of data generation, knowledge creation, and evidence application. This approach investigates the processes by which real-world health data is systematically collected, analyzed, and translated into actionable knowledge, characterized by its continuous, data-driven nature and the rapid translation of findings back into clinical practice and policy, with the ultimate significance of optimizing healthcare quality, safety, effectiveness, and equity.