Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Symptoms
Epilepsy is defined as a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurring, unprovoked seizures, which are sudden changes in normal brain activity that can last from a few seconds to several minutes.[8.1] A diagnosis of epilepsy is typically made when an individual experiences two or more unprovoked seizures or one unprovoked seizure with a high likelihood of subsequent seizures.[8.1] The symptoms of epilepsy can vary widely depending on the type of seizure experienced. During a seizure, groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain may send excessive electrical signals, leading to involuntary movements, sensations, emotions, and behaviors.[5.1] Notably, individuals with epilepsy often do not exhibit physical symptoms between seizures.[3.1] There are numerous types of epilepsy and seizures, which are classified based on the specific symptoms and seizure types.[7.1] Common epilepsy syndromes include childhood absence epilepsy, Dravet syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and West syndrome.[2.1] The causes of epilepsy can be diverse, including genetic factors, brain injuries, or, in many cases, remain unknown.[8.1]Types of Seizures
Epilepsy is characterized by various types of seizures, which are classified based on their origin and characteristics. The four main types of seizures include focal seizures, generalized seizures, combined focal and generalized seizures, and unknown seizures.[19.1] Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, originate in a specific area of the brain and may affect only one part of the body. These seizures are further classified into simple focal seizures, which do not impair consciousness, and complex focal seizures, which do impair consciousness.[20.1] Generalized seizures, on the other hand, involve both hemispheres of the brain from the onset and can lead to loss of consciousness. They include subtypes such as tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, and myoclonic seizures.[19.1] In addition to these classifications, epilepsy syndromes encompass specific types of seizures along with other defining characteristics. There are over 30 recognized epilepsy syndromes, each with unique symptoms and treatment considerations.[23.1] The symptoms of epilepsy can vary significantly among individuals, with most people experiencing a consistent type of seizure, leading to relatively stable symptoms over time.[22.1] Treatment approaches for epilepsy are often tailored to the type of seizures experienced. Anti-seizure medications are the primary treatment option, effectively controlling seizures in approximately 60% to 70% of individuals with epilepsy.[21.1] In cases where medications are ineffective, alternative treatments such as special diets, medical devices, or surgical interventions may be considered.[21.1] Understanding the specific type of seizure is crucial for determining the most effective treatment strategy.History
Ancient Understanding of Epilepsy
Historical documents dating back almost 4500 years indicate that ancient civilizations had various interpretations of epilepsy, often viewing it as a mystical disorder. Cultures such as the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Indians, Iranians, and Chinese attributed spiritual significance to the condition, believing it to be caused by supernatural forces or divine punishment.[94.1] The term "epilepsy" itself is derived from the Greek word meaning "to seize" or "to attack," reflecting the ancient Greeks' belief that seizures were the result of demons seizing individuals.[71.1] In ancient Egypt, the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a medical text from around 1700 BC, provides evidence that Egyptians recognized epilepsy, attributing its causes to cortical disruption, which distinguished their understanding from that of Mesopotamians.[95.1] Similarly, early Chinese physicians discussed conditions resembling generalized convulsions, suggesting that emotional shocks experienced by mothers during pregnancy could lead to epilepsy.[73.1] These early beliefs, shaped by a lack of scientific knowledge, often resulted in fear and ostracization of individuals with epilepsy. The societal treatment of those afflicted was heavily influenced by the prevailing spiritual and magical beliefs surrounding the condition, leading to various forms of stigmatization.[72.1] Overall, the historical perspective on epilepsy reveals a complex interplay of cultural beliefs and medical understanding that has evolved over millennia.[93.1]Evolution of Medical Perspectives
The understanding of epilepsy has evolved significantly over the millennia, transitioning from mystical interpretations to a more scientific approach. The earliest descriptions of epileptic seizures can be traced back to around 2000 B.C. in ancient Akkadian texts, which depicted symptoms resembling those of epilepsy, such as the patient’s neck turning left and their limbs becoming tense.[50.1] This ancient perspective often attributed seizures to divine or supernatural forces, leading to fear and isolation of affected individuals.[53.1] As medical knowledge progressed, particularly in the 19th and 20th centuries, the understanding of epilepsy began to shift towards a neurological basis. Pioneering work by physiologists such as Fritsch and Hitzig in the early 20th century demonstrated that seizures could be provoked by electrical stimulation of the brain, establishing a clear link between epilepsy and brain function.[54.1] This marked a significant turning point in the medical perspective on epilepsy, moving away from superstition and towards a biological understanding of the condition. Despite these advancements, stigma surrounding epilepsy persisted, often rooted in historical misconceptions. For centuries, individuals with epilepsy faced discrimination and were frequently associated with witchcraft or moral degeneracy.[59.1] This stigma has had profound social consequences, affecting the quality of life and integration of individuals with epilepsy into society.[60.1] However, as communities have gained a better understanding of the pathology and causes of seizures, the social acceptance of individuals with epilepsy has improved, leading to better educational and employment outcomes.[55.1] In contemporary society, the evolution of medical perspectives on epilepsy continues to be influenced by advancements in neuroimaging techniques. Modern imaging methodologies, such as MRI and PET scans, have significantly enhanced the diagnosis and management of epilepsy by providing detailed anatomical and metabolic data.[66.1] These advancements have not only improved the identification of epileptogenic lesions but have also facilitated a more nuanced understanding of the brain's role in epilepsy, further solidifying the condition's neurological basis.[68.1]Causes And Risk Factors
Genetic Factors
Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of epilepsy, with various mutations and genetic abnormalities contributing to the condition. Approximately 70% of epileptic syndromes are attributed to genetic causes, which can include monogenic, polygenic, and complex interactions between genes and environmental influences.[106.1] Genetic epilepsy often arises from the inheritance of specific genes that increase the likelihood of seizures, particularly in cases of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, such as childhood absence epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.[103.1] Several notable genetic mutations have been linked to epilepsy. For instance, mutations in the LG11 gene are associated with autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features (AD-PEAF), characterized by simple partial seizures accompanied by auditory and sometimes visual hallucinations.[104.1] Additionally, mutations affecting sodium and potassium channels, as well as glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, are implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. For example, Dravet syndrome has been linked to mutations in genes encoding GABA receptor subunits.[105.1] Specific mutations, such as the p.Arg43His mutation in the GABRA1 gene, are associated with genetic generalized epilepsy.[106.1] Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variations near the SCN1A and PCDH7 genes that enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform personalized treatment strategies for epilepsy.[107.1] These findings underscore the importance of genetic testing in diagnosing epilepsy, as it can reveal underlying causes that may not be detectable through traditional clinical evaluations.[106.1]Environmental and Acquired Factors
Environmental factors and acquired conditions play a significant role in the etiology of epilepsy. Approximately 20–30% of epilepsy cases are attributed to acquired factors, which include strokes, tumors, and head injuries. In contrast, the remaining cases are often linked to genetic factors, encompassing monogenic, polygenic, and complex interactions between genes and environmental influences.[117.1] Environmental pollution is a critical global issue that poses a substantial threat to neurological health, including epilepsy. Common pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) have been identified as potential contributors to the incidence of epilepsy.[126.1] Epidemiological research indicates that exposure to these environmental toxins may correlate with an increased risk of developing epilepsy, particularly in vulnerable populations.[124.1] Moreover, specific studies have investigated the relationship between air pollution and the frequency of epileptic attacks. For instance, a study over a decade examined the impact of air pollutants like PM10 and SO2, alongside meteorological factors, on the incidence of epilepsy in children.[125.1] These findings suggest that environmental conditions can significantly influence the prevalence and severity of epilepsy. Additionally, genetic predispositions may interact with environmental factors to determine seizure susceptibility. Research has identified a novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with age-dependent predisposition to seizures, indicating that environmental risk factors can shape the genetic architecture of epilepsy.[118.1] Furthermore, the etiology of epilepsy may be influenced by genetic factors that affect susceptibility to seizures following emotional and physical trauma.[119.1]In this section:
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Procedures
The diagnosis of epilepsy involves a comprehensive evaluation that includes various diagnostic procedures aimed at identifying the condition and its underlying causes. Approximately 1 in 10 individuals will experience a seizure during their lifetime, and epilepsy is characterized by the tendency to have unprovoked seizures, affecting about 1 in 26 people in the United States and 65 million globally.[136.1] To diagnose epilepsy, healthcare providers typically employ a combination of clinical assessments and diagnostic tests. These may include electroencephalograms (EEGs), which measure electrical activity in the brain, and imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans. While CT scans are often used in emergency settings to evaluate patients presenting with their first seizure, MRI is preferred for its superior sensitivity and specificity in detecting pathological substrates associated with intractable epilepsy.[170.1] In addition to imaging, maintaining a seizure diary is crucial for effective diagnosis and management. This diary allows patients to record details about their seizures, including frequency, duration, and potential triggers, which can provide valuable information for healthcare providers.[147.1] Accurate seizure records are essential for understanding seizure patterns and informing treatment plans.[145.1] Despite advancements in diagnostic techniques, the process of diagnosing epilepsy can be fraught with challenges. Delays in diagnosis are common, often due to factors such as misinterpretation of seizure symptoms, cultural and geographical barriers to healthcare access, and missed opportunities for timely medical intervention.[163.1] These delays can lead to ongoing seizures and their associated consequences, underscoring the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis in improving patient outcomes.[162.1]Differential Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of epilepsy involves distinguishing it from other seizure disorders and conditions that may mimic seizures. A systematic approach to classifying seizures is crucial for selecting appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment strategies. This classification not only aids in clinical assessment but also has significant implications for patient management and outcomes.[154.1] Seizures can be categorized into various types, including generalized seizures, partial seizures (both simple and complex), and status epilepticus. The specific type of seizure a person experiences is determined by the affected areas of the brain and the nature of the electrical disturbances.[142.1] Symptoms of seizures vary widely; some may cause uncontrollable jerking or shaking, while others may lead to muscle stiffening.[143.1] Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, as it allows healthcare providers to identify the underlying causes of seizures. Diagnostic tests, such as electroencephalograms (EEGs) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs), are often recommended to determine if there is a lesion in the brain responsible for the seizures.[156.1] The diagnostic process typically begins with a thorough history-taking, where healthcare providers ask about the patient's general health and the patterns of their seizures.[155.1] Witness reports of seizures are invaluable, as they provide critical information that may not be available from the patient alone. Without these reports, the history may lack essential features that could enhance diagnostic accuracy.[157.1] Furthermore, individuals with undiagnosed epilepsy may be unaware of the associated risks, such as sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and other seizure-related accidents.[157.1]In this section:
Diagnostic TestsMagnetic Resonance ImagingComputed TomographyCT ScansDifferential Diagnosis
Treatment Options
Pharmacological Treatments
Pharmacological treatments for epilepsy primarily involve the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), which serve as the mainstay of therapy for most patients. The selection of an appropriate AED is influenced by several factors, including the classification of the epilepsy, the mechanism of action of the drug, and the individual patient's needs and circumstances.[208.1] It is essential for healthcare providers to understand the underlying cause of a patient's seizures to identify the most effective treatment strategy.[200.1] Approximately two-thirds of individuals with epilepsy respond well to AEDs, highlighting the importance of finding the right medication.[188.1] However, if seizures persist despite pharmacological intervention, additional treatment options may be considered, including surgical procedures, seizure devices, or dietary therapies.[188.1] The complexity of AED selection has increased in recent years, with the approval of 12 new AEDs by the Food and Drug Administration over the past two decades, necessitating a more individualized approach to treatment.[209.1] When determining the most effective AED for a patient, clinicians must consider factors such as the drug's efficacy in controlling seizures, its adverse effects profile, pharmacokinetic properties, and any unique patient situations that may influence treatment.[209.1] This personalized approach aims to optimize seizure control while minimizing side effects, ultimately improving the patient's quality of life.[198.1]Non-Pharmacological Interventions
Non-pharmacological interventions for epilepsy include various approaches that can complement or serve as alternatives to medication. One significant intervention is the ketogenic diet, which has been utilized since the 1920s to help reduce seizure frequency. This diet is characterized by a very high fat, low carbohydrate, and controlled protein intake, which alters the brain's excitability and reduces the tendency to generate seizures.[204.1] The ketogenic diet can lead to a reduction or elimination of seizures by at least 50% in half of the individuals who try it, and it may prevent seizures from recurring.[203.1] The mechanism by which the ketogenic diet exerts its effects is not fully understood; however, it is believed to involve a reduction in glutamate levels and an enhancement of GABA synthesis in the brain, making seizures less likely to occur.[201.1] Importantly, adherence to the ketogenic diet can be challenging, and it is recommended that families work with healthcare professionals who specialize in this dietary approach to ensure proper implementation and to address potential nutritional deficiencies.[225.1] In addition to dietary interventions, emotional and social support is crucial for individuals with epilepsy. Psychologists or therapists can help address emotional challenges related to the condition, promoting well-being and self-esteem.[215.1] Psychoeducational therapy can educate patients and their families about the emotional impacts of epilepsy, while family therapy can address relational dynamics that may be affected by the condition.[216.1] Accurate information and skills development in self-management are essential for empowering individuals with epilepsy and their families to engage effectively in patient-centered care.[217.1]In this section:
Recent Advancements
Emerging Technologies in Epilepsy Management
Recent advancements in epilepsy management have been significantly influenced by the development of emerging technologies, particularly in the realms of pharmacotherapy, gene therapy, and neuromodulation techniques. The pharmacological landscape has expanded considerably, now encompassing over 30 different antiseizure medications (ASMs) developed over the past three decades. Despite this extensive array, approximately one-third of individuals with epilepsy do not achieve sustained seizure freedom, highlighting the need for innovative treatment approaches.[241.1] One promising area of research is gene therapy, which has gained traction due to advancements in technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9. These innovations offer new directions for epilepsy treatment by targeting specific genetic factors associated with the disorder. Understanding the implications of gene therapy can guide clinicians in designing future clinical protocols and research decisions.[230.1] Additionally, the exploration of gene editing and its potential to address monogenic forms of epilepsy is an exciting frontier in the field.[244.1] Neurostimulation techniques, including responsive neurostimulation and deep brain stimulation, have also emerged as effective strategies for managing drug-resistant epilepsy. These methods have shown promise in clinical outcomes, particularly for patients who do not respond to conventional pharmacotherapy.[232.1] Optogenetics, a novel neuromodulatory tool, allows for the precise control of neuronal populations using light, offering advantages over traditional electrical stimulation methods. This technique has been utilized to study focal seizures and has demonstrated efficacy in modulating seizure activity in various animal models.[236.1] The integration of these emerging technologies into clinical practice represents a significant shift towards personalized therapy for epilepsy patients. By understanding the complexities of treatment resistance and identifying novel therapeutic targets, researchers aim to enhance seizure control and improve the overall quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy.[244.1] As these advancements continue to evolve, they hold the potential to transform the landscape of epilepsy management, providing hope for those affected by this challenging condition.Living With Epilepsy
Impact on Daily Life
Living with epilepsy significantly impacts various aspects of daily life, influencing not only the management of seizures but also emotional well-being and overall quality of life. Individuals with epilepsy often face challenges that extend beyond the physical symptoms of their condition. Major depression and dysthymia are prevalent mood disorders among those with epilepsy, with many experiencing ongoing feelings of anxiety, depression, or irritability that are not solely attributable to seizures.[273.1] This emotional burden is compounded by the fact that seizures can occur in brain regions that also regulate emotions, making mood disorders a common aspect of living with epilepsy.[273.1] Moreover, the management of epilepsy encompasses more than just controlling seizures; it involves addressing lifestyle factors that can affect independence and quality of life. Aspects such as work, school, travel, and transportation can be significantly impacted by the condition.[274.1] Therefore, effective self-management strategies are crucial. Programs like PACES (Program of Active Consumer Engagement in Self-management in Epilepsy) and SMART (Self-Management for People with Epilepsy and a History of Negative Health Events) are designed to empower individuals with epilepsy by enhancing their confidence in managing their health and coping with stress, stigma, and isolation.[275.1] Despite the challenges, many individuals with epilepsy can lead fulfilling lives, especially when supported by modern treatments and a robust support network.[276.1] However, misconceptions about epilepsy can exacerbate the difficulties faced by those living with the condition. Myths such as the belief that epilepsy is contagious or that seizures can lead to swallowing one's tongue contribute to stigma and fear.[288.1] This lack of understanding can hinder open discussions about epilepsy, further isolating those affected.[289.1] Educational initiatives aimed at dispelling these myths and providing accurate information about epilepsy are essential for improving the quality of life for patients. Such education can enhance self-esteem, reduce feelings of isolation, and promote better management of the condition.[293.1] Occupational therapy also plays a vital role in supporting individuals with epilepsy by focusing on maximizing independence and ensuring safety in daily activities.[295.1] Tailored interventions can help individuals navigate their daily lives more effectively, addressing the unique challenges posed by their condition.[297.1]Support and Resources
Living with epilepsy often necessitates a multifaceted approach to support and resources, particularly in addressing the mental health challenges that frequently accompany the condition. Individuals with epilepsy commonly experience mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, which can adversely affect their overall well-being and potentially exacerbate seizure activity.[278.1] Therefore, recognizing the signs of these mental health concerns and seeking professional support is crucial. Mental health professionals who specialize in epilepsy can provide tailored assistance, helping individuals understand their condition and advocate for their needs.[277.1] Support groups play a vital role in fostering a sense of community among individuals with epilepsy. These groups offer safe spaces for sharing experiences and mutual understanding, which can significantly enhance emotional well-being.[282.1] Organizations like the Epilepsy Reach Foundation facilitate the formation of such support networks, connecting individuals with tailored resources to address the unique emotional challenges associated with epilepsy.[279.1] Additionally, local epilepsy centers often provide information about available support groups and educational sessions, which can help individuals find a community of peers.[283.1] Therapeutic interventions, including psychological or 'talking' therapies, have been shown to improve mental health outcomes for those with epilepsy. These therapies not only assist in managing emotional distress but may also contribute to better seizure management.[278.1] Programs such as the Home-Based Self-Management and Cognitive Training Changes Lives Program (HOPSCOTCH) and the Program of Active Consumer Engagement in Self-Management in Epilepsy (PACES) offer strategies to enhance both mental and physical health, addressing cognitive difficulties and stress management.[285.1] Furthermore, collaboration between mental health professionals and neurologists is essential for creating comprehensive care plans that address both the psychological and physiological aspects of living with epilepsy. This integrated approach can improve patient outcomes by ensuring that mental health needs are adequately met within the context of epilepsy care.[183.1] Initiatives that promote joint training opportunities and continuing education for healthcare providers can enhance this collaborative effort, ultimately benefiting individuals living with epilepsy.[300.1]References
[2] An Overview of Epilepsy - U.S. Pharmacist — An epilepsy syndrome refers to a cluster of signs and symptoms, as well as a known etiology, that tends to occur together. Common epilepsy syndromes include childhood absence epilepsy, Dravet syndrome, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and West syndrome. 14,15. PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT
[3] Overview: Epilepsy - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf — It is only considered to be epilepsy if the seizures recur. People with epilepsy usually don't have any physical symptoms in between seizures. These kinds of factors can even cause a seizure in someone who doesn't have epilepsy. Many people only ever have one seizure in their life, or only have epilepsy for a few months or years. Compared to them, people who have had seizures with a known cause (such as a brain disease) are twice as likely to have further seizures. About 3 out of 10 people with epilepsy have regular seizures despite having various kinds of treatment. IQWiG health information is written with the aim of helping people understand the advantages and disadvantages of the main treatment options and health care services.
[5] Epilepsy and Seizures | National Institute of Neurological Disorders ... — Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder in which groups of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes send the wrong signals and cause seizures. During a seizure, many neurons send signals at the same time, much faster than normal. This surge of excessive electrical activity may cause involuntary movements, sensations, emotions, and/or behaviors. Epilepsy (sometimes referred to as a seizure disorder) can have many different causes and seizure types.
[7] Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic — Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment What are the types of epilepsies and their seizure symptoms? Healthcare providers classify epilepsies by their seizure type. Birth abnormalities affecting the brain are a frequent cause of epilepsy, particularly in people whose seizures aren’t controlled with anti-seizure medications. Treatments to control epilepsy include anti-seizure medications, special diets (usually in addition to anti-seizure medications) and surgery. Anti-seizure medications can control seizures in about 60% to 70% of people with epilepsy. If anti-seizure medications don’t control your seizures, your healthcare provider will discuss other treatment options, including special diets, medical devices or surgery. Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment There are many treatment options, including anti-seizure medications, special diets, epilepsy surgeries and devices to stop the seizures.
[8] What Is Epilepsy? | Epilepsy Foundation — Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes recurring, unprovoked seizures. Your doctor may diagnose you with epilepsy if you have two unprovoked seizures or one unprovoked seizure with a high risk of more. Not all seizures are the result of epilepsy. Seizures may relate to a brain injury or a family trait, but often the cause is completely unknown.
[19] 4 types of epilepsy, their symptoms, and treatments - Medical News Today — Epilepsy involves seizures, which result from bursts of electricity in the brain. The four main types of seizure are focal, generalized, focal and generalized combined, and unknown.
[20] Epilepsy: Types, Symptoms, and Management Strategies — Types of Epilepsy and Their Symptoms. There are several types, categorized based on the types of seizures experienced. Focal (Partial) Seizures. Focal seizures originate in a specific area of the brain and may affect only one part of the body. They are further classified as:
[21] Epilepsy: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic — Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment What are the types of epilepsies and their seizure symptoms? Healthcare providers classify epilepsies by their seizure type. Birth abnormalities affecting the brain are a frequent cause of epilepsy, particularly in people whose seizures aren’t controlled with anti-seizure medications. Treatments to control epilepsy include anti-seizure medications, special diets (usually in addition to anti-seizure medications) and surgery. Anti-seizure medications can control seizures in about 60% to 70% of people with epilepsy. If anti-seizure medications don’t control your seizures, your healthcare provider will discuss other treatment options, including special diets, medical devices or surgery. Epilepsy and Seizures Treatment There are many treatment options, including anti-seizure medications, special diets, epilepsy surgeries and devices to stop the seizures.
[22] 9 Types of Seizures and Their Symptoms | MyEpilepsyTeam — Epilepsy is a group of brain disorders that cause seizures, which can start in any part of the brain. Because of this, the symptoms of epilepsy can be very different from person to person. Most people with epilepsy have a similar type of seizure each time, so their symptoms usually don't change much from one seizure to the next.
[23] Types of Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders, Causes and Symptoms - Healthline — An epilepsy syndrome describes the types of seizures (and therefore, epilepsy type), plusother characteristics. To date, there are more than 30 known epilepsy syndromes. Examples include:
[50] PDF — 1.1 First reports on epilepsy The history of epilepsy is intervened with the history of humanity. One of the first descriptions of epileptic seizures can be traced back to 2,000 B.C. in ancient Akkadian texts, a language widely used in the region of Mesopotamia. The author described a patient with symptoms resembling epilepsy: his neck turns left, his hands and feet are tense and his eyes wide
[53] The history of epilepsy - the ancient world - epsyhealth.com — How science changed the history of epilepsy In the ancient world, people's understanding of why seizures happened was relatively limited and they often tried to explain it through superstition, magic or religion.
[54] Highights in the History of Epilepsy: The Last 200 Years - PMC — Regarding the delineation of the epileptic mechanisms, the proof that epilepsy derives from the brain came from the work of physiologist Fritsch (1838–1927) and psychiatrist Hitzig (1838–1907); in their paper entitled “On the Electric Excitability of the Cerebrum” they presented experiments in which they provoked seizures by electric stimulation in the brain cortex of dogs . James Kiffin Penry (1929–1996), in 1969, published important treatises such as the series Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies and afterwards Antiepileptic Drugs, Neurosurgical Management of the Epilepsies, Complex Partial Seizures, and their Treatment, and Antiepileptic Drugs Mechanisms of Action and Advances in Epileptology. Long-term safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy: results of a 1-year open-label extension study.
[55] The History of Epilepsy: From Ancient Mystery to Modern Misconception — Studies show that patients with epilepsy in communities that understand the pathology and cause of seizures are generally more successful in social and educational environments. The mystery behind the cause of seizures has been debated for millennia, and many theories and misconceptions have led to profound social consequences for people with epilepsy. These studies (and beyond) indicate that the more that is known about epilepsy and what causes it, the better patients with the disease are incorporated into society, and outcomes and seizure management improve. Today, AEDs are usually the first-line treatment for epilepsy and selected based on the type of seizure one has as well as the patient’s other pertinent medical history. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20493781/ Epilepsy Behav. [Mar;2021 ];https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/seizure-and-epilepsy-news/epilepsy-behavior-journal/select-journal-abstracts/experiences-and.
[59] Epilepsy stigma: a long story - The Lancet Neurology — People with epilepsy have therefore long been subject to stigma. Such associations have proved remarkably pervasive, from the early modern association of epilepsy with witchcraft, to the late 19th century concept of epileptic degeneration, by which people with epilepsy were considered prone to drunkenness, vagrancy, questionable morals, and
[60] The History of Epilepsy: From Ancient Mystery to Modern Misconception — Studies show that patients with epilepsy in communities that understand the pathology and cause of seizures are generally more successful in social and educational environments. The mystery behind the cause of seizures has been debated for millennia, and many theories and misconceptions have led to profound social consequences for people with epilepsy. These studies (and beyond) indicate that the more that is known about epilepsy and what causes it, the better patients with the disease are incorporated into society, and outcomes and seizure management improve. Today, AEDs are usually the first-line treatment for epilepsy and selected based on the type of seizure one has as well as the patient’s other pertinent medical history. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20493781/ Epilepsy Behav. [Mar;2021 ];https://www.epilepsy.com/connect/seizure-and-epilepsy-news/epilepsy-behavior-journal/select-journal-abstracts/experiences-and.
[66] Combining PET scans and 7-tesla MRI to pinpoint subtle epileptogenic ... — Mayo Clinic uses both positron emission tomography (PET) scans and 7-tesla MRI to image individuals with epilepsy to identify potential candidates for surgical treatment. "We see PET and 7-tesla MRI as complementary. Together they offer a wider range of information that increases our likelihood of detecting small epileptogenic lesions," says
[68] Advanced neuroimaging techniques in epilepsy - PubMed — Purpose of review: We review significant advances in epilepsy imaging in recent years. Recent findings: Structural MRI at 7T with optimization of acquisition and postacquisition image processing increases the diagnostic yield but artefactual findings remain a challenge. MRI analysis from multiple sites indicates different atrophy patterns and white matter diffusion abnormalities in temporal
[71] The history of epilepsy - the ancient world - epsyhealth.com — About epilepsy In this series of three blogs on the history of epilepsy, we explore how both ancient and modern societies tried to explain the disease: In the first article about the history of epilepsy, you will learn how ancient societies tried to understand the disease and when epilepsy was discovered The ancient Greeks also began to speculate on the causes of epilepsy at this time – in fact the word ‘epilepsy’ comes from the Greek word for ‘to seize’ or ‘to attack’ because they believed seizures were caused by demons grabbing or attacking people. I would like Epsy to email me regarding its epilepsy-related content and news, product and service-related features and information, promotions, and events.
[72] A History of Epilepsy and Its Discovery - The Mighty — These early beliefs, fueled by a lack of knowledge, shaped society's treatment and understanding of people with epilepsy, often leading to fear and ostracization. Ancient Civilizations and Epilepsy. Historical records show that ancient cultures like the Greeks and Egyptians had their ways of explaining and addressing epilepsy.
[73] PDF — tence of religious and magic beliefs about epilepsy. In the old Chinese civilizations, also there are some references to the disease. Old Chinese physicians discuss a condition similar to generalized convulsions, T'ien-Hs'ien (770-221 BC). They thought that emotional shock bore by the mother during pregnancy is the cause for epilepsy in a
[93] Historical documents on epilepsy: From antiquity through the 20th ... — The history of epilepsy is intermingled with the history of human existence, dating back to antiquity. There are few diseases in the history of medicine that can be traced back over thousands of years. Numerous documents, philosophical texts, written evidence and legal references about epilepsy can be found in multiple cultures, including the ancient Babylonians (2000 years B.C), Egyptians
[94] The Historical Journey of Epilepsy Discovery - cognixpulse.com — The historical perspective on epilepsy reveals several key developments: Ancient civilizations often considered epilepsy a spiritual affliction or a punishment from the gods.
[95] History of Epilepsy - Neuropedia — Epilepsy was also known during ancient Egypt. This is proved by the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (medical text, named after Edwin Smith who brought it in 1862) written circa 1700 BC. (4) Egyptians were distinguished from Mesopotamians in that they believed that the underlying cause of epilepsy could be cortical disruption.
[103] Genetic Causes of Epilepsy — A genetic epilepsy occurs when an individual inherits a gene, or a number of genes that result in a higher likelihood of seizures. In many cases of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (such as childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy or epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonc seizures alone), epilepsy is the result of inheriting a number of abnormal genes
[104] Genetics and epilepsy - PMC — Mutations in the LG11 gene (leucine-rich glioma inactivated gene 1) have been shown to be a cause of autosomal dominant partial epilepsy with auditory features (AD-PEAF), also called autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy.29 This rare syndrome is characterized by simple partial seizures with mainly acoustic and sometimes also visual hallucinations.30 Some families have been described in which the seizures tend to start with a brief sensory aphasia without reduced consciousness.31 The mutational spectrum known for the LG11 gene on chromosome 10q24 includes both missense mutations and truncating mutations.
[105] Genetic Background of Epilepsy and Antiepileptic Treatments — Bearing in mind that seizures develop as a consequence of the predominance of excitatory over inhibitory processes, it seems reasonable that mutations in genes encoding sodium and potassium channels, as well as glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) receptors, play a role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. It is known that Dravet syndrome can be a result of mutations in genes encoding the α1, β1, β2, and γ2 subunits of GABAARs. A de novo mutation of the β1(F246S) subunit was detected in a patient with infantile spasms, while a de novo mutation in exon 4 of GABRB2 (β2(M79T)) was identified to cause intellectual disability and epilepsy .Epilepsy treatment with benzodiazepines or barbiturates, non-specific positive allosteric modulators of GABAA Rs, is quite effective.
[106] Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and ... — While around 20–30 % of epilepsy cases are attributed to acquired factors such as strokes, tumors, or head injuries, the remaining cases are often associated with genetic factors, which can include monogenic, polygenic, and complex interactions between genes and environmental influences (Thakran et al., 2020). Genetic testing has introduced a more precise diagnostic approach capable of identifying epilepsy's underlying causes, often undetectable through traditional methods like clinical evaluation, EEG, and brain imaging (Hildebrand et al., 2021). Similarly, mutations in the GABRA1 gene, specifically the p.Arg43His mutation encoding a GABA-A receptor subunit, are linked to genetic generalized epilepsy (Maljevic et al., 2006). Genetic testing is a pivotal component in the evaluation of epilepsy, given that genetic abnormalities account for over 70 % of epileptic syndromes (Lindy et al., 2018).
[107] Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and ... — Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and implications for diagnosis and treatment - PubMed Search: Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and implications for diagnosis and treatment Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and implications for diagnosis and treatment Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified specific genetic variations linked to epilepsy risk, such as variants near SCN1A and PCDH7, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and enabling personalized treatment strategies. By integrating findings from key studies and specifying genes involved in epigenetic modifications, we underscore the potential for advanced therapeutic strategies in this complex neurological disorder, emphasizing the importance of personalized medicine approaches in epilepsy management. WONOEP appraisal: new genetic approaches to study epilepsy. Epilepsy* / genetics
[117] Unraveling the genetic basis of epilepsy: Recent advances and ... — While around 20–30 % of epilepsy cases are attributed to acquired factors such as strokes, tumors, or head injuries, the remaining cases are often associated with genetic factors, which can include monogenic, polygenic, and complex interactions between genes and environmental influences (Thakran et al., 2020). Genetic testing has introduced a more precise diagnostic approach capable of identifying epilepsy's underlying causes, often undetectable through traditional methods like clinical evaluation, EEG, and brain imaging (Hildebrand et al., 2021). Similarly, mutations in the GABRA1 gene, specifically the p.Arg43His mutation encoding a GABA-A receptor subunit, are linked to genetic generalized epilepsy (Maljevic et al., 2006). Genetic testing is a pivotal component in the evaluation of epilepsy, given that genetic abnormalities account for over 70 % of epileptic syndromes (Lindy et al., 2018).
[118] Genetic and environmental interactions determine seizure susceptibility ... — A novel QTL, El-N, for age-dependent predisposition to seizures was found on proximal chromosome 9 only in environment II. The findings indicate that environmental risk factors determine the genetic architecture of seizure susceptibility in EL mice and suggest that QTL for complex epilepsies should be defined in terms of the environment in
[119] Genetic and environmental interactions determine seizure susceptibility ... — Furthermore, the etiology of epilepsy in environment I may be related to that of sympto-matic epilepsy and may highlight genetic factors influencing the predisposition to seizures after emotional and physical trauma.
[124] Epidemiology and Prevention - Epilepsy Across the Spectrum - NCBI Bookshelf — Epidemiologic research assesses epilepsy's risk factors, burden, comorbidities, and outcomes to identify opportunities for prevention efforts. Although data are incomplete, it is clear that epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders and is likely to increase in prevalence with the aging population. Most cases of epilepsy result from unknown causes, but some cases with known causes
[125] The relationship between environmental air pollution ... - PubMed — In the present study, the possible relationship between epileptic attacks seen in children over a 10-year period, two air polluting factors (PM 10 and SO 2), and the meteorological factors (air pressure, humidity, precipitation, wind speed) affecting them were investigated. The effects of different variables on the number of epilepsy patients
[126] Exploring the Link Between Environmental Pollution and Epilepsy — Environmental pollution is a highly challenging global problem, and its impact on neurological disorders, including epilepsy, poses a significant threat to the worldwide healthcare system and economies. The most frequent pollutants which contaminate the air, water and soil are particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ground-level
[136] Epilepsy: A Clinical Overview - The American Journal of Medicine — The diagnosis and treatment of seizures and epilepsy is a common task of the physician. Approximately 1 in 10 people will have a seizure during their lifetime. Epilepsy is the tendency to have unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects 1 in 26 people in the United States and 65 million people worldwide. Evaluation of a patient presenting with a
[142] Types of Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC — Types of Seizures | Epilepsy | CDC Basics Prevention Treatment Managing Epilepsy Facts and Stats First Aid for Seizures Health and Safety Concerns SUDEP View All Types of Seizures Main types of seizures Generalized seizures A person with epilepsy can have more than one type of seizure. Health care providers may use these medical terms when talking about the muscle movements made during seizures: There are two main types of focal seizures. About generalized seizures There are many types of generalized seizures. Generalized motor seizures cause a person to lose awareness and have muscle movements. People with this type of seizure may also have a combination of these movements. Has never had a seizure before. About generalized seizures
[143] Types of Seizures: How to Tell Them Apart and Giving First Aid — Symptoms of seizures vary by type. Some cause uncontrollable jerking or shaking, while others may cause muscle stiffening. Here's how to tell them apart and steps to take if someone has a seizure.
[145] The value of self-reported variables in epilepsy monitoring and ... — Seizure records are essential components for managing epilepsy and understanding seizure patterns. People with epilepsy (PWE) commonly use paper and electronic diaries for this purpose. Paper diaries are straightforward and raise few privacy concerns, requiring only a pen and paper . In contrast, electronic diaries facilitate tracking of seizures, medications, and triggers, with the added
[147] Recording Seizures and Seizure Diary | Epilepsy Foundation — There are many different types of seizures, which differ from person to person. Clear descriptions or recordings of seizure activity are useful for epilepsy diagnosis, as well as ongoing treatment and care. Maintaining a seizure diary can also help you and your doctor to monitor seizure activity, frequency, duration, triggers, and recovery
[154] Classification and Diagnosis of Epilepsy - PubMed — Epilepsy syndromes often have age-dependent symptoms. Essential points: A systematic approach to the classification of seizures and epilepsy is essential for the selection of appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment strategies. An accurate classification not only facilitates clinical assessment but has important implications in the
[155] Diagnosing Seizures and Epilepsy - Johns Hopkins Medicine — Proper diagnosis of seizures and epilepsy is essential for effective treatment. Diagnostic tests can help determine if and where a lesion in the brain is causing seizures. The doctor will begin by taking a history —asking the person or parent questions about general health, and the seizures and their pattern of occurrence.
[156] Epilepsy Diagnosis - How, where and who diagnoses Epilepsy — If epilepsy is suspected, your doctor may recommend diagnostic tests like EEGs or MRIs and may prescribe medications to help prevent future seizures. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing symptoms effectively and improving quality of life. Diagnostic Tests for Epilepsy
[157] Evidence review: Diagnosis of epilepsies - NCBI Bookshelf — It was agreed that without witness-reports the history will lack information on essential features of a seizure than can increase the accuracy of a diagnosis. ... Patients with missed diagnosis of epilepsy will unlikely be aware of the high risks associated with seizures for example, the risk of SUDEP and other related epilepsy accidents (e.g
[162] Improving epilepsy diagnosis across the lifespan: approaches and ... — Epilepsy diagnosis is often delayed or inaccurate, exposing people to ongoing seizures and their substantial consequences until effective treatment is initiated. Important factors contributing to this problem include delayed recognition of seizure symptoms by patients and eyewitnesses; cultural, geographical, and financial barriers to seeking health care; and missed or delayed diagnosis by
[163] Delays and Disparities in Diagnosis for Adults with Epilepsy: Findings ... — To identify disparities in care pathways and time from first seizure to epilepsy diagnosis, we examined 2010-2014 Medicaid claims (including pharmacy) data from 16 States for individuals with incident epilepsy, leading up to epilepsy diagnosis. ... Qualitative work has demonstrated the importance of a prompt diagnosis for the patient,
[170] Computed tomography scan performance in people with epilepsy — The committee noted that no relevant published economic evaluations on the role of CT scans in detecting relevant abnormalities in people with epilepsy and no additional economic analysis had been undertaken in this area. ... Sawhney, I. M. S., Lekhra, O. P., Shashi, J. S., Prabhakar, S., Chopra, J. S., Evaluation of epilepsy management in a
[183] Collaborative Care to Improve Quality of Life for Anxiety and ... — Background: Anxiety and depression in people with epilepsy are common and associated with poor outcomes; yet, they often go untreated due to poor mental health specialist access. Collaborative care is an integrated care model with a strong evidence base in primary care and medical settings, but it has not been evaluated in neurology clinics.
[188] Treatment of Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC - Centers for Disease Control ... — It is important for doctors to understand the cause of your seizures so they can identify the type of epilepsy you have and the best treatment for you. The most common treatments for epilepsy are medicine, surgical procedures, seizure devices, and a special diet. Medicines work for about 2 in 3 people with epilepsy.1 If your seizures continue while taking medicine, tell your health care provider right way. Do not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine You should not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine without talking to your provider. An epilepsy center can help if your seizures are hard to control or you need specialized care. Epilepsy & Seizures 24/7 Helpline
[198] Supporting Personal Wellbeing as an Individual with Epilepsy — The Managing Epilepsy Well Network provides information to patients and community health workers on how individuals or institutions can participate in evidence-based self-management programs to help create an overall better quality of life for people with epilepsy (Rostad and Ghearing 2022). For example, the Home-Based Self-Management and Cognitive Training Changes Lives Program (HOPSCOTCH) provides strategies to address the cognitive difficulties associated with seizures or the accompanying side effects (Rostad and Ghearing 2022; American Epilepsy Society). The Program of Active Consumer Engagement in Self-Management in Epilepsy (PACES), on the other hand, focuses on helping individuals understand their condition, manage their stress, and develop strategies to improve their overall mental and physical health, not specific to cognitive or memory function.
[200] Treatment of Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC - Centers for Disease Control ... — It is important for doctors to understand the cause of your seizures so they can identify the type of epilepsy you have and the best treatment for you. The most common treatments for epilepsy are medicine, surgical procedures, seizure devices, and a special diet. Medicines work for about 2 in 3 people with epilepsy.1 If your seizures continue while taking medicine, tell your health care provider right way. Do not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine You should not skip or stop taking your seizure medicine without talking to your provider. An epilepsy center can help if your seizures are hard to control or you need specialized care. Epilepsy & Seizures 24/7 Helpline
[201] How Do Ketogenic Diets Help People With Epilepsy? - BrainFacts — The ketogenic diet reduces the amount of glutamate in the brain and enhances the synthesis of GABA, making it less likely for a seizure to occur. The diet can also reduce inflammation in the brain, and inflammation due to infections like meningitis, encephalitis, or autoimmune disorders can trigger seizures.
[203] Ketogenic Diet and Seizures: Foods to Eat, Risks, and More - Healthgrades — The diet reduces or eliminates seizures by at least 50% in half of the people who try it and can prevent them from reoccurring. A doctor or healthcare professional can provide more information and help you consider whether the ketogenic diet is an option.
[204] Ketogenic diet - Epilepsy Society — The ketogenic diet may help reduce seizures and have other positive effects. Dietary treatments for epilepsy are specialised, and need to be supervised by trained medical specialists. What is the ketogenic diet? The ketogenic diet is a very high fat, very low carbohydrate, controlled protein diet that has been used since the 1920s to treat
[208] Effectiveness and Safety of Antiepileptic Medications in Patients With ... — Antiepileptic drug therapy is the mainstay of treatment for most patients with epilepsy. Seizure classification is an important element in designing the treatment plan, since some antiepileptic drugs have different activities against various seizure types.
[209] The Selection of Antiepileptic Drugs for the Treatment of Epilepsy in ... — In the past 2 decades, 12 new antiepileptic drugs (AED) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of epilepsy, making the selection process more complex. When choosing an AED several factors are considered including its relative efficacy, tolerability, serious toxicity, ease of use (determined by the pharmacokinetic profile and the drug-drug interaction potential
[215] "Empowering Success: Supporting Students with Epilepsy" - Dr Sumeet — Addressing Emotional and Social Concerns: Psychologists or therapists can address any emotional or social challenges related to epilepsy, promoting the student's well-being and self-esteem. Ongoing Support: Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals allow for monitoring progress, addressing any concerns, and fine-tuning the epilepsy
[216] Moods & Behavior Changes with Epilepsy | Emotions & Epilepsy — Many people with epilepsy notice changes in their emotions. Changes to mood & behavior impact daily living. ... Psychoeducational therapy- includes educating patients and families about moods and behaviors and ways to address these; Family therapy- involves the individual and their family and helps look at family issues and relationships that
[217] 7 Educating People with Epilepsy and Their Families — Accurate information for individuals with epilepsy and their families, education about the consequences of epilepsy, and skills development in self-management are essential components for helping individuals become better partners in patient-centered care. People with epilepsy and their families are often not educated about epilepsy's risks, including injury and mortality. Parents of children
[225] Keto Diet and Epilepsy: Medication Interactions, Seizure Prevention ... — Sticking to a ketogenic diet can be complicated, especially at first. Meeting with a dietitian who specializes in ketogenic diets is essential to making sense of the numbers and translating the guidelines into a realistic meal plan. The types of foods encouraged on a ketogenic diet include: Asparagus; Avocado; Bacon; Berries; Broccoli and
[230] Recent advances and current status of gene therapy for epilepsy — Data sources: This narrative review was conducted by searching for papers published in PubMed/MEDLINE with the following single and/or combination keywords: epilepsy, children, neurodevelopmental disorders, genetics, gene therapy, vectors, transgenes, receptors, ion channels, micro RNAs (miRNAs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)9 (CRISPR/Cas9), expression regulation, optogenetics, chemical genetics, mitochondrial epilepsy, challenges, ethics, and disease models. Advances in gene therapy technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have provided a new direction for epilepsy treatment. Understanding gene therapy for epilepsy will help clinicians gain a clearer perception of the research progress and challenges, guiding the design of future clinical protocols and research decisions. NCRCCHD-2021-KP-02/Key Project of Clinical Medicine Research of National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University
[232] A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in ... — A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management - PubMed A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in Epilepsy Management Keywords: cannabinoids; drug-resistant epilepsy; gene editing; neurostimulation; optogenetics; personalized therapy; seizure mechanisms; treatment resistance. The figure illustrates cutting-edge treatments and innovative therapies utilized in epilepsy management. responsive neurostimulation or deep brain stimulation for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: analyses of a large United States healthcare claims database. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2022.2148680. An economic evaluation of vagus nerve stimulation as an adjunctive treatment to anti-seizure medications for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy in the United States. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2023.2171230. doi: 10.1007/s11910-020-01061-3. Role of Responsive Neurostimulation in Managing Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes.
[236] Novel Optogenetic Approaches in Epilepsy Research - PMC — Optogenetics has also been used to modulate seizures arising in genetic models where animals have a predilection to developing seizures. In absence epilepsy models, both activation of tonic spiking in thalamus and optogenetic stimulation of cerebellar neurons abated seizures in vivo (Kros et al., 2015; Sorokin et al., 2017). Taken together
[241] The pharmacological treatment of epilepsy: recent advances and future ... — The pharmacological armamentarium against epilepsy has expanded considerably over the last three decades, and currently includes over 30 different antiseizure medications. Despite this large armamentarium, about one third of people with epilepsy fail to achieve sustained seizure freedom with currently available medications. This sobering fact, however, is mitigated by evidence that clinical
[244] A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Innovative Therapies in ... — Keywords: neurostimulation, gene editing, optogenetics, treatment resistance, drug-resistant epilepsy, seizure mechanisms, cannabinoids, personalized therapy By understanding the complexities of treatment resistance and identifying novel targets, such as specific genes or neural circuits, researchers can develop more effective therapies to improve seizure control and enhance the quality of life for individuals living with epilepsy. 193.Goodspeed K., Bailey R.M., Prasad S., Sadhu C., Cardenas J.A., Holmay M., Bilder D.A., Minassian B.A. Gene Therapy: Novel Approaches to Targeting Monogenic Epilepsies. 201.Riban V., Fitzsimons H.L., During M.J. Gene Therapy in Epilepsy. 203.Morey N., Przybyla M., van der Hoven J., Ke Y.D., Delerue F., van Eersel J., Ittner L.M. Treatment of Epilepsy Using a Targeted P38γ Kinase Gene Therapy.
[273] Living with Epilepsy - EFEPA - Epilepsy Foundation Eastern Pennsylvania — Major depression and dysthymia are the most common mood disorders experienced by people with epilepsy. You may have a mood disorder if you have ongoing feelings of anxiety, depression or irritability, or have feelings of fear, panic, or pain that are not easily explained by your seizures or other medical causes. Because seizures often occur in the same parts of the brain that affect the emotions, for many people mood problems are very much a part of having epilepsy. Doctors and other health care providers are becoming more aware of the importance of mood problems to people with epilepsy and are prepared to help.
[274] Lifestyle & Independent Living - Epilepsy Foundation — Managing epilepsy is more than managing seizures. Explore resources that address independent living and quality of life. How Can Epilepsy Impact Your Lifestyle and Independence? Many aspects of epilepsy can affect your lifestyle and independence, including work, school, travel, and transportation
[275] Managing Epilepsy | Epilepsy | CDC — Basics Prevention Treatment Managing Epilepsy Facts and Stats First Aid for Seizures Health and Safety Concerns SUDEP View All Learning everyday strategies and skills to manage epilepsy can help you feel better and improve your quality of life. Self-management programs can help you learn to make good decisions about your health and feel better while living with epilepsy. PACES (Program of Active Consumer Engagement in Self-management in Epilepsy) helps people with epilepsy learn to improve their confidence to take charge of their physical health, mental health, and quality of life. SMART (Self-Management for People with Epilepsy and a History of Negative Health Events) helps people with epilepsy learn skills to cope with stress, stigma, and isolation, and to better control seizures.
[276] Living with epilepsy: what you need to know after diagnosis — For those living with epilepsy, the journey may have challenges, but with modern treatments and a strong support network, a fulfilling life is possible. If you have tried and failed to manage your epilepsy with medications, ask your neurologist for a referral to the Loma Linda Comprehensive Epilepsy Center or call us at 909-558-2880.
[277] Navigating the Intersection of Epilepsy and Mental Health: Breaking the ... — Navigating the Intersection of Epilepsy and Mental Health: Breaking the Stigma and Finding Support – Epilepsy Reach Foundation Recognizing the signs of mental health concerns and seeking support when needed is crucial for managing both epilepsy and mental well-being. Seek Professional Support: Reach out to mental health professionals who specialize in epilepsy and understand its unique challenges. Learn as much as you can about epilepsy and mental health to better understand your condition and advocate for your needs. Living with epilepsy and managing mental health challenges can be difficult, but it’s essential to remember that you are not alone. By prioritizing self-care, seeking support, and challenging stigma, individuals with epilepsy can navigate the intersection of epilepsy and mental health with resilience and hope.
[278] Getting mental health support - Epilepsy Action — Mental health problems like anxiety and depression are common in people with epilepsy. This can affect general wellbeing and may worsen your epilepsy too. Psychological or 'talking' therapies may help to improve mental health if you have epilepsy. It's possible they may also help you to manage your epilepsy better.
[279] Health Equity - Epilepsy Reach Foundation — Additionally, the program extends mental health resource assistance, connecting individuals with tailored support services to address the unique emotional challenges associated with epilepsy. By facilitating the formation of support groups, Epilepsy Reach builds a community where individuals can share experiences and provide mutual understanding.
[282] The Importance of Epilepsy Support Groups: Building a Community — Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While medical treatments and therapies are crucial for managing seizures, the emotional and psychological support provided by a community can be equally vital. This is where epilepsy support groups come into play. These groups offer a safe space for individuals with epilepsy and their […]
[283] Social Concerns of Seizures - Epilepsy Foundation — Check with the nearest epilepsy center. Maybe they have a support group, educational sessions, or can connect you with other families. Wherever you are, one of the most important things to help you live with epilepsy is to find a support network - a community of people you can talk to, share the good times and the bad.
[285] Supporting Personal Wellbeing as an Individual with Epilepsy — The Managing Epilepsy Well Network provides information to patients and community health workers on how individuals or institutions can participate in evidence-based self-management programs to help create an overall better quality of life for people with epilepsy (Rostad and Ghearing 2022). For example, the Home-Based Self-Management and Cognitive Training Changes Lives Program (HOPSCOTCH) provides strategies to address the cognitive difficulties associated with seizures or the accompanying side effects (Rostad and Ghearing 2022; American Epilepsy Society). The Program of Active Consumer Engagement in Self-Management in Epilepsy (PACES), on the other hand, focuses on helping individuals understand their condition, manage their stress, and develop strategies to improve their overall mental and physical health, not specific to cognitive or memory function.
[288] Epilepsy Myths vs. Facts: Debunking Common Misconceptions — Epilepsy is often misunderstood, leading to myths that create fear and stigma. This article debunks common misconceptions, clarifying that epilepsy is not rare, seizures come in different forms, and people with epilepsy can lead normal lives. Learn the facts about its causes, treatments, and how to support those affected.
[289] Myths and Misconceptions - Epilepsy Foundation — Myths and Misconceptions Epilepsy-related myths (false belief or idea) still exist in the community. Unfortunately, a lack of awareness about epilepsy can contribute to stigma and discrimination. It can also make some people uncomfortable to talk about their epilepsy, even when they want or need to.
[293] Epilepsy Education: A Nursing Perspective - Mayo Clinic Proceedings — The goal of epilepsy education is to provide the patient and family members with the informational tools needed to enhance their knowledge about epilepsy. ... Use of the nurse as an educator, counselor, and patient advocate can improve the quality of life, reduce costs, and promote self-management for patients with epilepsy. 17. REFERENCES. 1
[295] Occupational therapy and epilepsy - PubMed — Epilepsy and its varied seizure types effect the physical, social, emotional, recreational and vocational functioning of individuals and their families. This article addresses the varlous components of seizure disorders and discusses the importance of occupational therapy intervention in each of these areas.
[297] Occupational Therapy for Epilepsy - ASD clinic.co.uk — The amount and type of input Occupational Therapists provide individuals with Epilepsy will be dependent on the symptoms and difficulties they are experiencing as a result of their Epilepsy. Occupational Therapy is aimed at empowering individuals with Epilepsy to maximise their independence throughout activities of daily living.
[300] Bridging the divide between epilepsy and mental health to drive ... — This joint program could include continuing education credits, joint training opportunities at epilepsy and behavioral health conferences, and an online database of epilepsy-trained behavioral health providers to receive referrals from epilepsy center providers, neurologists, mental health professionals, primary care clinicians, and people with