• Serology-focused patterns reveal early adoption of antibody testing and seroepidemiology for coronaviruses, highlighting antibody titres, indirect serology methods, and population-level serosurveys. [1], [4], [8], [15].

• Structural and molecular characterization of coronaviruses emerged as a core research direction, encompassing protein composition, RNA, purification, and analysis of internal components. [2], [10], [12], [13], [14].

• Transmission dynamics and epidemiology across cohorts and settings, including long-burning infections, fecal shedding, and outbreak surveillance in military, civilian, and community groups. [4], [6], [16], [19].

• Diagnostics and detection methods spanned immune electron microscopy and serology assays, laying groundwork for coronavirus identification and strain differentiation. [3], [5], [8].

• Public health framing and mathematical modeling provided theoretical foundations for outbreak analysis and control, integrating surveillance data, economic considerations, and intervention planning. [6], [7], [9], [11].