Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Importance
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive condition characterized by kidney damage or a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², persisting for three months or more, regardless of the underlying cause.[3.1] This condition can lead to significant health complications, including kidney failure, which necessitates renal replacement therapy such as dialysis or transplantation.[3.1] CKD is a major public health concern, with approximately 35.5 million adults in the United States estimated to be affected, many of whom remain undiagnosed.[4.1] The importance of recognizing and managing CKD cannot be overstated, as it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.[4.1] Early stages of CKD often present without noticeable symptoms, making it crucial for individuals, particularly those with risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension, to undergo regular health screenings.[5.1] Effective management strategies, including medication and lifestyle modifications, can help prolong kidney function and improve overall health outcomes.[2.1] Thus, understanding CKD's definition and significance is vital for both healthcare providers and patients in addressing this prevalent condition.Prevalence and Risk Factors
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health concern, affecting approximately 1 in 3 adults with diabetes and about 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure.[10.1] The early stages of CKD are often asymptomatic, which can lead to a lack of awareness among individuals until the disease progresses.[8.1] Common early warning signs of kidney disease include fatigue, changes in urination patterns, swelling in the hands and feet, high blood pressure, and persistent itching.[6.1] Additionally, symptoms such as foamy urine and general fatigue may also indicate the presence of kidney disease.[7.1] It is essential for individuals experiencing these signs to seek medical attention promptly, as uncontrolled high blood pressure is one of the major risk factors for CKD and can also result from the disease.[9.1] Several risk factors contribute to the development of CKD, including diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure, and a family history of kidney disease.[10.1] Uncontrolled high blood pressure is particularly notable, as it is both a cause and a consequence of kidney problems, making it a critical factor in the progression of CKD.[9.1] Public health initiatives have emphasized the importance of raising awareness about these risk factors and the need for early detection to mitigate the impact of CKD on the population.[19.1] Efforts to improve public awareness include community education programs that focus on the risk factors associated with CKD and the importance of early detection.[31.1] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has launched initiatives aimed at promoting kidney health, which include strategies for raising awareness and improving health outcomes among at-risk populations.[18.1] Despite these efforts, studies indicate that awareness of kidney disease remains low, highlighting the need for continued public health priorities focused on education and early detection.[33.1]In this section:
History
Evolution of Understanding CKD
The understanding of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has evolved significantly over the decades, particularly since the early 2000s. In 2002, the U.S. National Kidney Foundation's Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) established a working definition of CKD, which replaced the term chronic renal failure (CRF). This definition is based on the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² persisting for three months or more, regardless of the underlying cause of the kidney disease.[52.1] The historical context of CKD treatment can be traced back to March 1960, when the first patient underwent repeated hemodialysis at the University of Washington Hospital in Seattle. This marked a pivotal moment in the management of chronic renal failure, leading to the establishment of treatment protocols that have since evolved.[50.1] Over the years, nephrologists have recognized that CKD is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function, which can lead to severe complications such as high blood pressure, bone disease, anemia, and increased cardiovascular risks.[51.1] The legislative landscape has also played a crucial role in shaping CKD management. The introduction of the Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease Program in 1973 significantly influenced patient access to treatment and the overall approach to CKD care in the United States. This program established Medicare as the primary payer for dialysis, leading to the implementation of bundled payments and quality programs for both end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and nondialysis CKD care.[66.1] Recent advancements in the understanding of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have highlighted the significance of early detection and management. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a crucial tool that healthcare providers utilize to assess kidney function and identify CKD at an early stage, which allows for timely interventions that can slow or halt disease progression.[55.1] It is important to address common misconceptions surrounding CKD, such as the belief that children do not develop kidney disease. In fact, children can experience CKD, often due to different causes than those seen in adults, with birth defects being a leading factor in infants and young children.[54.1] Furthermore, a prevalent myth is that dialysis is the only treatment option for kidney disease; however, not everyone with CKD requires dialysis. In its early stages, CKD can often be managed effectively through lifestyle modifications, diet, and medication, enabling many individuals to slow or stop the progression of the disease and maintain a normal lifestyle.[56.1]Milestones in CKD Research
The Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, established by the Social Security Amendments of 1972, marked a significant milestone in the history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) management. This landmark legislation, signed by President Richard Nixon, extended Medicare benefits to individuals with kidney failure, regardless of age, thereby providing universal health care coverage for most persons affected by this condition.[63.1] The introduction of the ESRD program not only facilitated access to treatment but also catalyzed a broader approach to managing chronic kidney disease within the healthcare system. Prior to the establishment of the ESRD program, treatment options for chronic renal failure were limited, and the growth of hemodialysis was slow. Although hemodialysis began in the early 1960s, its expansion was significantly influenced by the federal government's decision to cover ESRD treatment under Medicare in 1973.[64.1] This financial support led to a dramatic increase in the availability and utilization of dialysis services, fundamentally altering the landscape of CKD treatment in the United States. The impact of the ESRD program is further underscored by the legislative history that preceded it. The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) played a pivotal role in advocating for the ESRD benefit, ensuring that nearly all U.S. residents with kidney failure gained access to necessary treatments.[61.1] Additionally, the passage of the National Transplant Act in 1984, under NKF's leadership, laid the groundwork for a national transplant system, further enhancing treatment options for patients with advanced kidney disease.[61.1]In this section:
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Kidney Damage
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a progressive and irreversible loss of renal function, which ultimately leads to the necessity for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or kidney transplantation, to prevent serious complications like azotemia and systemic organ damage.[89.1] The pathophysiology of CKD involves a complex interplay of factors that contribute to kidney damage, including fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The initial injury to the kidneys can trigger a self-perpetuating cycle of fibrosis, which is characterized by progressive scarring that affects all structures of the kidney.[90.1] This scarring is often observed as patchy tubulointerstitial scarring, which can manifest in a geographic or jigsaw pattern due to the initial infection or injury.[110.1] As the disease progresses, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) declines, with a confirmed diagnosis of CKD occurring when the eGFR falls below 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for a duration of three months or more.[92.1] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, which lead to systemic effects that impact various organ systems and are associated with elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[95.1] The inability to suppress ongoing inflammatory responses results in significant health issues, including fluid accumulation around the lungs and heart, which can over-tax the heart and elevate blood pressure.[98.1] Additionally, impaired kidney function leads to a toxic buildup of urea, known as uremia, which can cause inflammation of the pericardium.[98.1] Monitoring proteinuria is crucial, as it is recognized as the most sensitive marker for CKD progression, aiding in the identification of individuals at high risk for further complications.[100.1]Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is classified into stages based on the level of kidney function, primarily measured by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The progression of CKD is significantly influenced by baseline kidney function, particularly in stages 3 to 5, where it serves as a strong predictor of disease progression.[103.1] In contrast, for individuals with an eGFR of 60 ml/min per 1.73 m² or higher, kidney function alone is a poor predictor of progression.[103.1] Histological examination of kidney tissue has been utilized for nearly seven decades to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CKD. This practice has focused on correlating histological findings with clinical outcomes for specific diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy and IgA nephropathy.[102.1] Sethi and colleagues have suggested that histological damage may serve as a more reliable predictor of kidney function decline than eGFR, as it reflects chronic irreversible changes within the kidney.[103.1] However, the role of fibrosis in predicting kidney function decline has not been extensively studied, primarily due to the lack of adjustment for baseline kidney function in most histological studies.[103.1]In this section:
Diagnosis
Screening and Testing Methods
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) screening and testing methods are essential for early identification and management of the disease, which affects a significant portion of the population. CKD is defined by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² or the presence of kidney damage, such as albuminuria of at least 30 mg per 24 hours, persisting for three months or more.[136.1] Despite its prevalence, many individuals remain unaware of their condition, highlighting the importance of effective screening strategies.[138.1] The primary tests used for diagnosing CKD include the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine albumin tests. The eGFR is crucial for assessing kidney function and staging the disease, with values indicating the severity of kidney impairment.[155.1] A urine albumin test result of 30 mg or above may indicate kidney disease, and this measurement assists healthcare providers in determining appropriate treatment options.[139.1] Screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is crucial, particularly for individuals with risk factors such as cardiovascular disease, as CKD affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, many of whom are unaware of their diagnosis.[138.1] Guidelines for screening should consider local policies, resource limitations, payment systems, and care delivery models to ensure effective implementation.[144.1] The KidneyWise tool is an evidence-based clinical algorithm designed to assist primary care providers in identifying, detecting, and managing CKD, offering guidance on when to refer patients to nephrology.[149.1] Furthermore, the KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline emphasizes the importance of early identification and intervention for CKD, highlighting the need for systematic screening and management strategies to improve patient outcomes.[147.1]Interpretation of Results
Effective interpretation of results in the diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is crucial for guiding patient management and treatment decisions. One of the primary challenges faced by patients is the limited health literacy prevalent among those with chronic and end-stage kidney disease, which can hinder their understanding of their diagnosis and the implications for their health and lifestyle choices.[169.1] To address this, healthcare providers can implement several communication strategies that enhance patient comprehension. Firstly, checking the patient's and caregiver's background knowledge regarding the disease and treatment options is essential. This approach allows healthcare providers to tailor their explanations to the patient's level of understanding, ensuring that the information conveyed is relevant and comprehensible.[170.1] Offering clear, specific, and non-technical explanations of treatment options further aids in demystifying the complexities of CKD, making it more accessible to patients.[170.1] Moreover, effective communication fosters trust and improves patient adherence to medical regimens, which can lead to better clinical outcomes.[171.1] Given that CKD is often an abstract concept for patients, who may not experience symptoms until the disease has progressed significantly, it is vital for healthcare providers to engage patients actively in their treatment plans. Creating action plans collaboratively at the end of consultations can help break down goals into manageable steps, thereby empowering patients to take control of their health.[169.1] Additionally, the lack of public understanding about CKD can exacerbate the challenges patients face in explaining their condition and needs.[172.1] Healthcare providers can play a pivotal role in bridging this gap by providing comprehensive education and resources that not only inform patients but also enhance their ability to communicate their health status effectively. Furthermore, care managers can be instrumental in supporting patients with CKD by coordinating services and providing resources that address the multifaceted challenges associated with the disease.[174.1] This integrated approach to care management can significantly improve patient outcomes while alleviating stress for both patients and healthcare providers.[174.1]In this section:
Treatment Options
Pharmacological Interventions
Pharmacological interventions for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are crucial for managing the condition, preventing its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and reducing the risk of cardiovascular complications.[178.1] CKD is a significant global public health issue, affecting millions worldwide. Effective management involves a comprehensive approach guided by various established guidelines from expert panels and organizations.[178.1] Regular wellness exams with primary care providers are essential for managing chronic conditions like diabetes and hypertension, the leading causes of CKD.[178.1] The pharmacological management of CKD involves a range of medications designed to address symptoms, mitigate complications, and prolong kidney function. Commonly prescribed drug classes include loop diuretics, aldosterone receptor antagonists, GLP-1 agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors, which target underlying issues contributing to kidney deterioration.[179.1] Notably, SGLT-2 inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, have shown significant efficacy, reducing the risk of worsening kidney function or the onset of kidney failure by 39% compared to placebo.[181.1] The choice of medication is tailored to the individual patient's circumstances, considering factors such as diabetes and hypertension, which significantly contribute to kidney damage.[179.1] These medications are essential for maintaining balance and reducing toxin accumulation in the body when kidney function is impaired.[180.1] Treatment strategies are personalized, with specific medications selected to slow kidney damage in diabetic patients and manage blood pressure in those with kidney disease.[183.1] The selection of appropriate medications is critical for effective treatment and overall patient health.[180.1] A comprehensive pharmacological approach is vital for enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by CKD.Non-Pharmacological Approaches
Non-pharmacological approaches to managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) emphasize the importance of personalized dietary plans and lifestyle modifications. A personalized approach to nutrition is crucial for patients with CKD, as it addresses their unique nutritional challenges, including protein-energy wasting (PEW), sarcopenia, and impaired renal excretion of nutrients. This shift from traditional one-size-fits-all dietary recommendations allows for tailored interventions that reflect the patient's current stage of CKD, lifestyle, and personal preferences, ensuring that dietary plans evolve with the patient's condition through regular follow-ups with dietitians.[185.1] A well-balanced diet is essential for supporting kidney function while managing the intake of sodium, phosphorus, and potassium. For instance, a kidney-friendly eating plan can help manage CKD and slow down kidney damage, as well as control related health issues such as high blood pressure and diabetes.[187.1] As kidney function declines, dietary adjustments may be necessary to prevent excess waste and fluid accumulation, with the ultimate goal of preserving kidney function and delaying the progression of CKD, particularly in advanced stages that may require dialysis or transplantation.[189.1] Lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and increased physical activity, play a significant role in preventing the progression of CKD and improving overall quality of life. Evidence suggests that these lifestyle modifications can effectively address behavioral risk factors associated with CKD, thereby enhancing patient outcomes.[197.1] Specifically, dietary management is a cornerstone of CKD care, with specific dietary changes capable of significantly affecting kidney function and overall health.[198.1] Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are advised to collaborate with registered dietitians to create meal plans that not only promote kidney health but also include foods that they enjoy. This partnership is essential as it allows for adjustments to be made based on lab tests that monitor phosphorus and potassium levels in the blood, ensuring that dietary recommendations are tailored to the individual's needs.[188.1] A kidney diet typically consists of foods that are lower in sodium, protein, potassium, and phosphorus, which are crucial for managing the condition effectively.[205.1] It is important for patients to avoid foods that are high in sodium and phosphorus, as these can exacerbate their health issues.[204.1] Despite these restrictions, there are still many enjoyable and nutritious options available, such as red bell peppers, which are low in potassium and can be a versatile addition to meals.[206.1]Recent Advancements
Innovations in Research and Technology
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a critical global health issue, affecting more than 840 million individuals worldwide.[220.1] The urgency to prevent the development and progression of CKD is paramount, as this disease is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, often progressing silently until reaching advanced stages. This makes early detection a vital intervention for preventing end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and cardiovascular-related complications.[220.1] In recent years, new perspectives have emerged regarding the quality and precision of care for CKD, driven by the development of innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Significant advancements include the identification of new biomarkers, the introduction of advanced imaging methods, and the application of artificial intelligence, all of which contribute to improving the management and outcomes of CKD.[234.1] In terms of therapeutic advancements, novel approaches such as immunotherapy, gene therapy, and CRISPR technology have shown great potential in providing safe and more efficacious treatment strategies for CKD.[232.1] Additionally, cell therapy has emerged as a promising strategy to modulate CKD progression by promoting the regeneration of damaged kidney tissues.[228.1] The recent approval of Tenapanor, a treatment for hyperphosphatemia in adults with kidney disease undergoing dialysis, exemplifies the ongoing efforts to develop targeted therapies that address specific complications associated with CKD.[229.1] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem, with a developing incidence and prevalence among patients diagnosed with renal dysfunction.[235.1] Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying CKD is crucial, as it aids in explaining the disease's underlying causes and progression.[235.1] Recent findings have highlighted significant biological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut-kidney axis, which may inform the development of novel therapies.[235.1] Furthermore, insights into growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors related to acute kidney injury are essential for advancing targeted therapies for CKD.[243.1] However, the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice presents challenges that necessitate ongoing research to improve treatment outcomes for patients with CKD.[243.1]In this section:
Prevention Strategies
Lifestyle Modifications
Comprehensive care strategies for preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD) highlight the significance of lifestyle modifications in conjunction with medical management. A crucial recommendation is to adopt a healthy diet, which should include at least five daily portions of fruits and vegetables to help maintain proper blood pressure levels.[267.1] Furthermore, individuals with diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease are encouraged to work with a dietitian to develop a meal plan tailored to their specific health needs.[269.1] This collaborative approach is essential for effectively managing these conditions and protecting kidney health. Additionally, it is advisable for individuals with these health issues to consult their healthcare provider about certain blood pressure medications, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, which may offer protective benefits for the kidneys.[269.1] Physical activity is beneficial for individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of the severity of their condition, as it can enhance overall well-being.[270.1] Comprehensive care strategies for managing CKD include lifestyle interventions alongside optimal management of glycemic levels, blood pressure, weight, and lipid profiles, with a preference for therapies that have demonstrated beneficial effects on both heart and kidney health.[266.1] Additionally, lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and glucose monitoring are recommended to help slow the progression of kidney disease, particularly for those with diabetes.[268.1]Management of Risk Factors
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) management emphasizes the importance of controlling risk factors that contribute to kidney damage, particularly diabetes and hypertension. Effective prevention strategies involve not only the management of these conditions but also proactive measures such as regular kidney function testing for at-risk individuals. Approximately 1 in 7 adults in the United States are affected by CKD, often without their knowledge, as the disease can be asymptomatic in its early stages.[263.1] Therefore, early detection and intervention are crucial for delaying the progression to more severe stages of kidney disease, including the need for dialysis.[273.1] Healthcare providers play a vital role in this management process. They are encouraged to collaborate with patients to develop personalized care plans that may include dietary modifications and the use of specific medications, such as ACE inhibitors and ARBs, which have been shown to protect kidney function.[264.1] Additionally, public health initiatives, such as the Chronic Kidney Disease Initiative, aim to promote kidney health through education and awareness campaigns.[262.1] Community-based interventions have also proven effective in managing CKD risk factors. Programs that focus on education and screening have significantly increased the detection of early-stage CKD and improved management of associated conditions like hypertension and diabetes.[275.1] For instance, the Kidney Disease Screening and Awareness Program (KDSAP) engages undergraduate students to provide free health screenings and educational events, thereby raising awareness and facilitating early detection in local communities.[276.1] Moreover, the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative has established metrics to measure the success of its strategies, which include increasing efforts to prevent, detect, and slow the progression of kidney disease by addressing traditional risk factors.[277.1] Overall, a multifaceted approach that combines individual patient management, community engagement, and public health strategies is essential for effectively managing the risk factors associated with CKD.Impact On Quality Of Life
Physical and Emotional Effects
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly impacts both the physical and emotional well-being of affected individuals. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a crucial measure for understanding how CKD influences patients' lives, as the disease can impair physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of well-being.[304.1] Each stage of CKD, from diagnosis through to end-of-life care, can adversely affect HRQoL, highlighting the importance of addressing these issues throughout the disease trajectory.[301.1] Research indicates that while there may not be a statistically significant association between the stages of CKD and overall quality of life, patients in the earlier stages still report decreased quality of life.[303.1] This decline in quality of life is often exacerbated in later stages of CKD, where patients experience poorer self-perceived HRQoL, which is influenced by psychological factors such as depression and anxiety.[305.1] The emotional burdens associated with CKD, including feelings of isolation and anxiety, can further complicate the management of the disease.[308.1] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents significant hardships for both patients and their care partners, which are often overlooked despite their potential impact on morbidity and mortality.[306.1] Empowering patients and their care partners, including family members and friends involved in their care, is essential to minimize the burden of CKD-related symptoms and enhance life participation.[310.1] Support groups specifically designed for individuals with CKD can offer invaluable resources and emotional support, helping participants to connect with peers who are facing similar challenges.[309.1] These connections foster a sense of community and shared experience, which is crucial for navigating the difficulties associated with living with CKD.[309.1] Addressing the psychosocial issues related to CKD can lead to improved patient outcomes by enhancing the perception of social support.[306.1] The interplay between CKD and mental health is also critical, as psychological distress can adversely affect treatment adherence. Studies have shown that depressive symptoms in CKD patients can predict faster progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and increased hospitalization rates.[313.1] Therefore, it is vital to incorporate mental health screenings and support into the care model for CKD patients to enhance both their psychological well-being and treatment compliance.[312.1] By addressing the physical and emotional effects of CKD holistically, healthcare providers can better support patients in managing their condition and improving their overall quality of life.Socioeconomic Considerations
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for affected individuals. Each stage of CKD, from diagnosis through the progressive decline of kidney function, renal replacement therapy such as dialysis or transplantation, and ultimately to end-of-life care, can negatively affect HRQoL.[301.1] While it is well-documented that quality of life is particularly poor in end-stage kidney disease, the relationships between earlier stages of CKD and quality of life are not as well understood.[302.1] This highlights the need for further exploration of how CKD influences quality of life over time and the importance of assessing baseline quality of life in relation to CKD outcomes.[302.1] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 10% of the adult population, significantly impairing their life expectancy and overall health.[304.1] Quality of life (QoL) is increasingly recognized as an important measure of how CKD impacts patients' lives, particularly for those with long-term conditions.[303.1] Although there is no statistically significant association between the stages of CKD and QoL, it has been observed that QoL is diminished in patients with the early stages of the disease.[303.1] Furthermore, later stages of CKD are associated with poorer self-perceived health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which is a major consideration for many patients.[305.1] Psychological factors, such as depression and anxiety, have also been linked to poorer HRQoL, underscoring the multifaceted impact of CKD on patients' well-being.[305.1] Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses significant challenges for patients and their care partners, necessitating a focus on patient-centered care initiatives to address the emotional and social difficulties associated with the condition. Empowering patients and their caregivers, including family members and friends, is crucial for minimizing the burdens and consequences of CKD-related symptoms, thereby enhancing life participation.[310.1] The morbidity and mortality rates associated with CKD remain alarmingly high, with psychosocial issues often overlooked yet recognized as modifiable risk factors for adverse outcomes.[306.1] The physical, emotional, and social burdens of living with CKD can lead to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and isolation, highlighting the need for comprehensive psychosocial support.[308.1] Integrating psychosocial support into the care model, such as through counseling and support groups, can assist patients in managing these challenges.[308.1] Participation in CKD support groups, whether in-person or online, provides invaluable resources and emotional support, allowing individuals to connect with peers facing similar difficulties.[309.1] These connections are vital for helping patients navigate the complexities of living with CKD, ultimately fostering a sense of community and shared experience.[309.1]Future Directions
Emerging Research Areas
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized as a significant global health challenge, affecting over 850 million individuals worldwide and projected to become the fifth most common chronic disease by 2040.[346.1] As the prevalence of CKD rises, there is an urgent need for innovative research and interventions aimed at improving patient outcomes and managing the complexities associated with the disease. Future research in CKD management is poised to benefit significantly from advancements in personalized medicine, which aims to tailor treatment strategies based on individual patient characteristics, including genetic factors and the underlying causes of CKD. This approach acknowledges the multifactorial nature of CKD and seeks to optimize therapeutic interventions by considering the unique progression rates and complications experienced by each patient.[377.1] The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning into CKD management holds promise for future breakthroughs. These technologies can enhance early detection, personalized treatment planning, remote monitoring, and clinical trial matching.[378.1] They are capable of predicting disease progression, analyzing kidney biopsy samples, and extracting patient outcomes from unstructured data.[379.1] However, challenges such as interpretability, generalizability, and fairness of machine learning models must be addressed to ensure their safe application in clinical practice.[380.1] Additionally, overcoming obstacles related to algorithm opacity and reliability is crucial for integrating AI into clinical workflows.[382.1] Data interoperability is another critical area for future research, particularly in enhancing the effectiveness of AI and machine learning tools. The ability of electronic health records (EHRs) to share clinical information between systems is essential for supporting clinical decision-making, especially in complex cases such as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).[385.1] Advancing interoperability and data sharing across information silos is necessary to reduce the burden on healthcare providers and improve the quality of care for CKD patients.[384.1] Addressing the lack of interoperability among EHRs, particularly in dialysis clinic-hospital dyads, is vital for enhancing patient outcomes.[386.1]Potential for New Therapies
Recent advancements in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have introduced several promising new therapies that could significantly alter patient outcomes and the economic landscape of CKD care. In March 2024, updated guidelines from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) highlighted the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, which have been shown to reduce the risk of acute kidney injury and progression to kidney failure, as well as provide cardioprotective benefits for adults with CKD and type 2 diabetes. Notably, these benefits have also been observed in adults with CKD without diabetes who exhibit albuminuria or have a diagnosis of heart failure.[349.1] In addition to SGLT-2 inhibitors, the FDA approved empagliflozin in September 2023 for adults with CKD at risk of progression, aiming to reduce the risk of sustained decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and end-stage kidney disease.[360.1] Furthermore, Tenapanor, approved in October 2023, serves as a treatment for hyperphosphatemia in adults with kidney disease undergoing dialysis, marking another significant advancement in CKD management.[361.1] Research is also exploring novel therapies, such as epigenetic modulators like microRNA and bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitors, which have shown potential in improving renal function and addressing chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD).[362.1] Additionally, a new selective aldosterone synthase inhibitor (ASi), BI 690517, demonstrated a significant reduction in albuminuria when combined with empagliflozin, indicating a synergistic effect that could enhance treatment efficacy.[367.1] The economic implications of these innovations are substantial, as the annual direct costs associated with CKD management increase significantly with disease progression. For instance, costs per patient can rise dramatically from early stages to dialysis.[364.1] As the prevalence of CKD is projected to increase, with forecasts suggesting that up to 16.5% of the population across eight countries may be affected by 2032, the need for effective and cost-efficient interventions becomes increasingly urgent.[365.1] Thus, the integration of these new therapies into clinical practice not only holds promise for improving patient outcomes but also for potentially reducing the long-term economic burden of CKD management.References
[2] Overview: Chronic kidney disease - InformedHealth.org - NCBI Bookshelf — Chronic kidney disease prevents the kidneys from working at full capacity. That often remains unnoticed for a long time. Taking medicine and following a healthy lifestyle can help to keep the kidneys working longer. Renal (kidney) replacement therapy may be needed if the kidneys stop working completely.
[3] Chronic Kidney Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. CKD is a state of progressive loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. Many other compounds are also being examined for use as markers of acute kidney disease and CKD, including cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, urinary epithelial growth factor, beta-2 microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and beta-trace protein. In addition, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study demonstrated that markers such as certain cardiac markers (high-sensitivity troponin T and NTproBNP), the plasma chemokine CXCL12, and urine NGAL were highly associated with the progression of CKD.
[4] Chronic Kidney Disease Basics | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC — CKD by the numbers. Kidney diseases are a leading cause of death in the United States.. About 35.5 million US adults are estimated to have CKD, and most are undiagnosed.. 40% of people with severely reduced kidney function (not on dialysis) are not aware of having CKD.. Every 24 hours, 360 people begin dialysis treatment for kidney failure. In the United States, diabetes and high blood
[5] Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic — Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Symptoms & Treatment Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease What are the 5 stages of chronic kidney disease? There are five stages of chronic kidney disease. In the early stages of kidney disease, you usually don’t have noticeable symptoms. High blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes are the two most common causes of chronic kidney disease. Medications for kidney disease These include diabetes, high blood pressure and other diseases that affect your kidneys. Most people don’t have symptoms of kidney disease in the early stages. That’s why it’s important to attend annual wellness exams with your primary care provider to manage chronic conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure that can lead to kidney disease.
[6] 10 Warning Signs of Kidney Disease in Early Stages — The first signs of kidney disease often include fatigue, changes in urination patterns, swelling in the hands and feet, high blood pressure, and persistent itching.
[7] Early Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Disease - Healthline — Signs and symptoms of kidney disease may include foamy urine, fatigue, and swelling. Most people are unaware of the disease in its early stages.
[8] 10 signs you may have kidney disease - Kidney Care UK — In its early stages, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is 'silent' and doesn't usually cause symptoms, but as it gets more advanced, there are some signs you may notice.
[9] Common Symptoms and Warning Signs of Kidney Disease | U.S. News — Common Symptoms and Warning Signs of Kidney Disease | U.S. News Dr. Alice Wei, officer of the Chief Medical Office at Strive Health, a kidney care company, adds that it's common for people to inquire about the symptoms of kidney disease. Uncontrolled high blood pressure is one of the biggest risk factors for kidney disease – and it's the second-most common cause of end-stage kidney failure in the U.S. In addition to being a cause of kidney problems, high blood pressure can be a result as well. 9 Symptoms of Kidney Disease If you're experiencing signs of kidney disease, you should see a doctor immediately. More serious conditions, such as advanced kidney disease, will also require a lifestyle change, along with regular doctor visits and more advanced treatments.
[10] Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease - CDC — Risk factors for CKD include diabetes, high blood pressure, heart failure, and family history. ... Key points. Approximately 1 in 3 adults with diabetes has chronic kidney disease (CKD). About 1 in 5 adults with high blood pressure has CKD.
[18] About the CKD Initiative | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC — CDC created the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative to provide public health strategies for promoting kidney health. Strategies include raising awareness of CKD and its complications. The CKD Initiative partners with other organizations to improve health outcomes in general and special populations.
[19] An integrated approach towards a public health perspective on chronic ... — Abstract. Increased awareness of chronic kidney disease among the general public is required to facilitate action to improve kidney health. An integrated approach involving mass media campaigns, primary health-care interventions and advocacy is needed to draw attention to chronic kidney disease and shift the focus from kidney failure to achieve a public health perspective on this disease.
[31] Chronic Kidney Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention — Public health and community initiatives are very important in making people aware of the risk factors associated with kidney disease and early detection. Focusing on prevention and collaboration between parties will show a great reduction in the overall burden of CKD, improving health and well-being throughout communities globally.
[33] Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an ... — Early detection is a key strategy to prevent kidney disease, its progression and related complications, but numerous studies show that awareness of kidney disease at the population level is low. Therefore, increasing knowledge and implementing sustainable solutions for early detection of kidney disease are public health priorities.
[50] The Early History of Dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure in the United ... — Forty-seven years have passed since the first patient started treatment for chronic renal failure by repeated hemodialysis (HD) at the University of Washington Hospital in Seattle in March 1960, and some 34 years have elapsed since the United States Congress passed legislation creating the Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease Program. Many nephrologists practicing today are unfamiliar with the
[51] Chronic kidney disease - Wikipedia — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function which occurs over a period of months to years, or an abnormal kidney structure (with normal function). Initially generally no symptoms are seen, but later symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications can relate to hormonal dysfunction of the kidneys and include (in chronological order) high blood pressure (often related to activation of the renin–angiotensin system), bone disease, and anemia. Additionally CKD patients have markedly increased cardiovascular complications with increased risks of death and hospitalization. CKD can lead to kidney failure requiring kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation.
[52] Chronic Kidney Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. CKD is a state of progressive loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. Many other compounds are also being examined for use as markers of acute kidney disease and CKD, including cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, urinary epithelial growth factor, beta-2 microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and beta-trace protein. In addition, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study demonstrated that markers such as certain cardiac markers (high-sensitivity troponin T and NTproBNP), the plasma chemokine CXCL12, and urine NGAL were highly associated with the progression of CKD.
[54] Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Myths and Misconceptions — Myth: Children don't get kidney disease. Children can have chronic kidney disease, but it is usually caused by different things than CKD in adults. Birth defects are the leading cause of kidney disease in infants and small children. For example, children may be born with: 6. One kidney instead of 2; One or 2 kidneys that do not work properly
[55] Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) - Cleveland Clinic — Giving Careers Search ClevelandClinic.org Find A Doctor Locations & Directions Patients & Visitors Health Library Institutes & Departments Appointments Home/ Health Library/ Diagnostics & Testing/ Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Advertisement Advertisement Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) Healthcare providers use estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to determine if you have kidney disease, and if so, what stage. eGFR measures your kidneys’ ability to filter toxins or waste from your blood. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measures how much blood these filters clean every minute based on your body size. eGFR helps healthcare providers spot problems with your kidneys, including kidney disease. eGFR helps providers detect the disease early so that you can start treatments to slow or stop kidney damage.
[56] Six Common Myths About Kidney Disease — Myth 6: The only treatment for kidney disease is dialysis. Not everyone with kidney disease needs dialysis. Kidney disease is a progressive disease. In its early stages, it is usually managed with exercise, diet, and medication. With this approach, most people can slow or stop the progression of kidney disease and enjoy a normal lifestyle.
[61] 75 Years of Lifesaving Impact - The National Kidney Foundation — Impact Patient-Centered Research. ... The Medicare End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) benefit is passed, ensuring nearly all U.S. residents with kidney failure have access to treatment, led by NKF advocacy. 1984. The National Transplant Act passes with NKF's strong leadership, laying the foundation for the national transplant system.
[63] Fifty Years of a National Program for the Treatment of Kidney Failure — Fifty years ago, on October 30, then-President Richard Nixon signed the Social Security Amendments of 1972, which created the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) program. In extending Medicare benefits to people with kidney failure regardless of their age, this landmark legislation availed universal health care coverage for most persons with kidney failure.
[64] The legislative and regulatory process in the end-stage renal disease ... — Although hemodialysis began in the early 1960s, it did not begin to really grow until 1973, when the Federal government started to pay for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment under Medicare. Since then, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) has made a series of mistakes while maintain …
[66] Health Policy and Kidney Care in the United States: Core Curriculum ... — Kidney care in the United States is highly regulated, reflecting the dominance of Medicare as the primary payer for dialysis since inclusion of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) benefit into payment policy in 1973. In the ensuing decades, bundled payments have been introduced for dialysis and quality programs have been adopted for both ESRD and nondialysis chronic kidney disease care. In this
[89] Common pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease ... - PubMed — It is estimated that over 10% of the adult population in developed countries have some degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD is a progressive and irreversible deterioration of the renal excretory function that results in implementation of renal replacement therapy in the form of dialysis or renal transplant, which may also lead to death.
[90] Mechanisms of progression of chronic kidney disease - PubMed — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs in all age groups, including children. Regardless of the underlying cause, CKD is characterized by progressive scarring that ultimately affects all structures of the kidney. The relentless progression of CKD is postulated to result from a self-perpetuating vicious cycle of fibrosis activated after initial injury.
[92] Chronic Kidney Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. CKD is a state of progressive loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. Many other compounds are also being examined for use as markers of acute kidney disease and CKD, including cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, urinary epithelial growth factor, beta-2 microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and beta-trace protein. In addition, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study demonstrated that markers such as certain cardiac markers (high-sensitivity troponin T and NTproBNP), the plasma chemokine CXCL12, and urine NGAL were highly associated with the progression of CKD.
[95] Chronic Kidney Disease Influences Multiple Systems: Describing the ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. ... resulting in improved epithelial health. This may explain why, in acute instances, KIM-1 appears to adopt a protective role. ... The inability to suppress continual inflammatory responses and radical formation results in systemic effects
[98] Effects of Kidney Failure on Body Systems | Laminate Medical — Kidney failure affects the heart in several ways: Fluid builds up around the lungs, heart and other body tissue, over-taxing the heart and causing a rise in blood pressure. Impaired kidney function causes a buildup of urea (a by-product of dietary protein). High levels of urea (called uremia) are toxic, and cause inflammation of the pericardium.
[100] Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: a review — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. The classification of CKD by KDOQI and KDIGO and the routine eGFR reporting have resulted in increased identification of CKD. It is important to be able to identify those at high risk of CKD progression and its associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). Proteinuria is the most sensitive marker of CKD progression in clinical practice
[102] Kidney Histology, Kidney Function, and Age - American Journal of Kidney ... — For nearly 7 decades kidney biopsies have been used in clinical practice to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for recovery or progression to kidney failure. The use of kidney biopsies as a prognostic tool was predominantly focused on correlating histology with the outcomes for a specific disease, such as diabetic nephropathy1,2 or IgA nephropathy,3 or a diverse group of kidney
[103] Renal Histologic Analysis Provides Complementary Information to Kidney ... — Baseline kidney function strongly predicts CKD progression at CKD stages 3–5.19 In contrast, kidney function is a poor predictor of progression in subjects with eGFR ≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m2.2 Sethi and colleagues proposed that histologic damage could be a better predictor of kidney function decline than eGFR,13 because it represents chronic irreversible events.14 The role of fibrosis in kidney function decline prediction has not been formally tested because most histologic studies do not adjust for baseline kidney function, which is a key determinant of progression, and/or analyze samples with advanced CKD.
[110] AJKD Atlas of Renal Pathology: Chronic Pyelonephritis — When chronic pyelonephritis is bilateral, chronic kidney disease often ensues. Light microscopy: There is patchy tubulointerstitial scarring in a so-called geographic or jigsaw pattern with well-delineated, irregular areas of scarring due to the patchy initial infection from the ascending route.
[136] Chronic Kidney Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause. CKD is a state of progressive loss of kidney function, ultimately resulting in the need for renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or transplantation. Many other compounds are also being examined for use as markers of acute kidney disease and CKD, including cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, urinary epithelial growth factor, beta-2 microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and beta-trace protein. In addition, the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study demonstrated that markers such as certain cardiac markers (high-sensitivity troponin T and NTproBNP), the plasma chemokine CXCL12, and urine NGAL were highly associated with the progression of CKD.
[138] Chronic Kidney Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 15% of the U.S. population, and many people are unaware of their diagnosis. Screening may be considered for patients with cardiovascular disease
[139] Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease - CDC — Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 View All Chronic Kidney Disease Basics Testing Risk Factors Preventing Caring for Yourself and Others Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease: Common, Serious, and Costly About the CKD Initiative View All Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease CKD and kidney testing A urine albumin test result of 30 or above may mean kidney disease. If you have kidney disease, your albumin level in your urine helps your doctor determine the best treatment option. CKD and kidney testing Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023
[144] PDF — related complications, such as cardiovascular disease. Guideline-based screening for kidney disease should take into account local policies, resource limitations, payment systems, and care delivery models. 1Shlipak, M.G. et al. Kidney International (2021) 99, 34-47 2Jha, V. et al. Kidney International (2016) 90, 1164-1174
[147] CKD Early Identification & Intervention Toolkit — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes substantial global morbidity and increases cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, so identifying and treating it at the earliest stages is a worldwide imperative. To this end, the ISN and KDIGO released a series of tools for CKD early identification and intervention aimed at kidney health professionals
[149] Clinician Tools | National Kidney Foundation — This clinical algorithm provides an overview of appropriate screening, identifying, classifying, and managing CKD in primary care practices. It also provides helpful guidance regarding patient safety considerations based on a patient's estimated GFR, reducing cardiovascular risk, screening for complications, and when to refer to nephrology.
[155] Stages of Kidney Disease: 1-5 Listed by eGFR - Verywell Health — Ⓒ 2025 Dotdash Media, Inc. — All rights reserved Urological Health Chronic Kidney Disease Stages of Kidney Disease and Treatment By James Myhre & Dennis Sifris, MD Published on November 19, 2023 Medically reviewed by Kashif J. Piracha, MD Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents CKD Staging Stages 1 to 5 Stage Progression Life Expectancy Follow-Up and Monitoring Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is divided into five stages, ranging from stage 1 to stage 5. Each stage is determined by a blood test known as the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which establishes how well your kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from your blood. With each stage of CKD, the function of your kidneys progressively worsens and requires different treatments to slow down kidney damage and to keep them working for as long as possible. This article explains how chronic kidney disease is staged and what each stage means regarding treatment, complications, and the risk of renal failure. Chronic kidney disease is staged to categorize the severity of the loss of renal function and to direct the appropriate course of treatment.
[169] HEALTH LITERACY: A REVIEW AND PRACTICAL STRATEGIES | National Kidney ... — Create action plans in collaboration with the patient at the end of the visit to help engage patients in their treatment plan and breakdown goals into manageable, concrete steps. Limited health literacy is prevalent among the chronic and end stage kidney disease patient population.
[170] Shared decision making in chronic kidney disease: a qualitative study ... — Three observed communication strategies were highly effective in advancing decision-making: (1) checking patient and carer's disease and treatment specific background knowledge, (2) offering clear, specific and non-technical explanations of options and (3) locally managing the interaction to quickly resolve issues raised during the consultation.
[171] Talking With Your Patients About Kidney Disease - NIDDK — Effective communication builds trust, improves patient understanding and adherence to medical regimens, may reduce diagnostic testing costs and hospital readmissions, promotes patient and clinician satisfaction, and improves clinical outcomes. ... Chronic kidney disease is often an abstract concept for patients. They may not have symptoms until
[172] Common challenges faced by CKD patients — Reset Kidney Health — Common challenges faced by CKD patients — Reset Kidney Health Common challenges faced by CKD patients This article aims to shed light on these challenges, supported by studies and data, to provide a comprehensive understanding for CKD patients and their caregivers. Lack of Public understanding: The general public's lack of understanding about CKD can lead to misconceptions, making it harder for patients to explain their condition and needs. Finding specialists: Not all areas have nephrologists or CKD specialists readily available, making it challenging for patients to get the specialized care they need. However, with the right information, support, and medical care, patients can navigate these challenges and lead a fulfilling life.
[174] Understanding the Long-Term Challenges of Chronic Kidney Disease — Care managers can be invaluable to people who are at risk for kidney disease or are already experiencing it. For many people living with CKD, the focus of medical care is to delay progression the disease, which then postpones the need for dialysis or kidney transplant as long as possible. In addition to a nephrologist, teams may include a pharmacist who ensures proper dosing based on the patient’s level of kidney function, a dietitian who can help with a nutritional plan, friends and families who can offer encouragement and support, and a care manager who can provide resources, coordinate services, and troubleshoot problems. Effective care management in the community that integrates challenges into planned interventions can significantly improve outcomes for people with CKD, while reducing costs and alleviating stress for the delivery system, patients, and families.
[178] Comprehensive review of current management guidelines of chronic kidney ... — Chukwuka Elendu a,*, Rhoda C Elendu b, Joy M Enyong c, Jennifer O Ibhiedu d, Ibukunoluwa V Ishola e, Emmanuel O Egbunu f, Emmanuel S Meribole g, Sodiq O Lawal h, Chinazo J Okenwa i, Geraldine C Okafor j, Ewezugachukwu D Umeh k, Ozigis O Mutalib l, Kehinde A Opashola m, John O Fatoye l, Temitope I Awotoye n, Jewel I Tobih-Ojeanelo o, Habiba I Ramon-Yusuf p, Abiola Olanrewaju q, Rechner N Afuh r, Joseph Adenikinju s, Opeyemi Amosu t, Abdulgafar Yusuf u Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant public health problem globally, affecting millions of people worldwide. The management of CKD is crucial to prevent the progression of the condition to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and other complications. Various management guidelines are available for CKD, which different organizations and expert panels develop.
[179] List of 13 Chronic Kidney Disease Medications Compared - Drugs.com — Drugs used to treat Chronic Kidney Disease The medications listed below are related to or used in the treatment of this condition. Select drug class All drug classes Loop diuretics (3) Aldosterone receptor antagonists (2) Glp-1 agonists (incretin mimetics) (2) Sglt-2 inhibitors (6)
[180] Medications to Treat Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) — Doctors prescribe many different medications to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD). These medicines help maintain balance and reduce the buildup of toxins in the body when the kidneys are not working well. 1,2 Treatments for CKD focus on managing symptoms, reducing problems caused by kidney damage, and prolonging kidney function.The medicines you take depend on several things: 1,2
[181] Medicines for chronic kidney disease: A practical guide - NPS MedicineWise — It found a 39% reduction with dapagliflozin in comparison to placebo (9.2% with dapagliflozin vs 14.5% with placebo) for the primary composite outcome of worsening kidney function (eGFR decline ≥ 50%) or onset of kidney failure (dialysis, kidney transplant or GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m 2) or death due to kidney disease or CVD. 5
[183] Medications to Treat Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) — Medications to Treat Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Doctors prescribe many different medications to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD). Slowing down kidney damage for people with diabetes is done with a few different types of medicines: Sign up for email from Chronic-Kidney-Disease.net: By providing your email address, you are agreeing to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. Medicines for high blood pressure Many types of blood pressure medicines may be prescribed for people with kidney disease.1,2 Medicines used to treat heart disease include:1 Other medicines to treat chronic kidney disease Before you start taking any new medicine for your kidney disease, talk with your doctor. Chronic-Kidney-Disease.net is a Health Union community. Chronic-Kidney-Disease.net Chronic-Kidney-Disease.net does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
[185] Diet in CKD | Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 1-5 Diet Plan | Chicago ... — Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 1-5 Diet Plan Stage 1 and 2: Early CKD. Objective. ... Our dietitians specialize in renal nutrition and work closely with patients to develop personalized diet plans that reflect their current stage of CKD, lifestyle, and personal preferences. Regular follow-ups ensure that the diet plan evolves with the patient's
[187] Kidney-friendly eating plan - American Kidney Fund — All about the kidneys All about the kidneys Understand how to follow a healthy eating plan for chronic kidney disease (CKD) by limiting certain foods in your diet. Work with a dietitian to create a kidney-friendly eating plan that is right for you. A kidney-friendly eating plan helps you manage your kidney disease and slow down damage to your kidneys. A kidney-friendly eating plan can also help prevent other serious health problems and controls high blood pressure and diabetes, which can prevent kidney disease from getting worse. If you have kidney disease, your doctor or dietitian may tell you to lower the amount of potassium in your eating plan.
[188] Eating Right for Chronic Kidney Disease - NIDDK - National Institute of ... — Work with a registered dietitian to develop a meal plan that includes foods that you enjoy eating while maintaining your kidney health. The steps below will help you eat right as you manage your kidney disease. As your kidney function goes down, you may need to eat foods with less phosphorus and potassium. Your health care provider will use lab tests to check phosphorus and potassium levels in your blood, and you can work with your dietitian to adjust your meal plan. More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health.
[189] Eating Right for CKD Patients | The National Kidney Foundation (NKF ... — When kidney function starts to decrease, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) may need to adjust their diet to prevent excess waste and fluid from building up. The goal is to preserve existing kidney function and to delay the progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), particularly stage 5, which then necessitates dialysis or transplant.
[197] Impact of Lifestyle Changes on CKD Progression - Renes Care — The Impact of Lifestyle Changes on CKD Progression Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires a comprehensive management approach that goes beyond medical treatment alone. Lifestyle changes play a critical role in slowing the progression of CKD. Dietary Modifications Dietary management is a cornerstone of CKD care. Specific dietary changes can significantly affect kidney function and overall
[198] Lifestyle Changes For Chronic Kidney Disease | CKD Wellness — The Power of Lifestyle Changes When it comes to managing CKD, lifestyle changes can be a game-changer. These changes are not only beneficial in slowing down the progression of the disease but also in improving overall health and quality of life. Let's explore some key lifestyle changes that can make a positive impact on kidney health: 1.
[204] The 20 Best Foods for People with Kidney Disease - Healthline — The 20 Best Foods for People with Kidney Disease The 20 Best Foods for People with Kidney Disease Since kidney disease is closely linked to heart disease, it’s best to combine these choices with a heart-healthy diet — one that contains plenty of fresh, plant-based foods and is low in saturated fats. They’re suitable for people with kidney disease who follow a plant-based diet and anyone on a renal diet who needs to limit their protein intake. Foods to avoid if you have kidney disease are mainly those that are high in sodium, phosphorus, or both. People with kidney disease have to manage their intake of phosphorus, salt, and potassium.
[205] Kidney diet (renal diet) - Mayo Clinic — If you have chronic kidney disease or limited kidney function, your health care provider may suggest a kidney diet (renal diet). Foods in a kidney diet have lower amounts of sodium, protein, potassium, or phosphorus. There are many foods you can still enjoy! Here are some kidney-friendly recipes that are tasty and good for you.
[206] 10 Foods to Eat or Avoid If You Have Kidney Disease — Chronic kidney disease can be either long-term or chronic, but it is possible to live a normal life with the disease. ... Here are 10 foods to eat or avoid if you have kidney disease: Foods to Eat. Red bell peppers: Red bell peppers are low in potassium and high in flavor, making them a really versatile food option for those with kidney disease
[220] Advances in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Chronic Kidney ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a critical global health issue, affecting more than 840 million individuals globally [].This disease, marked by the gradual loss of kidney function, often progresses silently until reaching advanced stages, making early detection a vital intervention for preventing end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and cardiovascular-related complications.
[228] Editorial: Novel therapeutic strategies for chronic kidney disease ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a life-threatening disease associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. ... cell therapy has emerged as a novel promising strategy to modulate the progression of CKD by promoting the regeneration of damaged ... Wang H., Shao L., Zhou C., et al. (2023
[229] 5 recent FDA approvals to help treat kidney disease — All about the kidneys Preventing kidney disease Other kidney diseases Kidney disease in children Living with kidney disease Clinical trials for kidney disease and other kidney diseases All about the kidneys Preventing kidney disease Other kidney diseases Kidney disease in children Living with kidney disease Clinical trials for kidney disease and other kidney diseases Tenapanor (brand name XPHOZAH®) was approved by the FDA on Oct. 17, 2023 as a treatment for high phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) in adults with kidney disease who are receiving dialysis treatments. AKF works on behalf of 1 in 7 Americans living with kidney disease, and the millions more at risk, to support people wherever they are in their fight against kidney disease — from prevention through post-transplant living.
[232] Advances in Clinical Research in Chronic Kidney Disease - PMC — Current international guidelines define chronic kidney disease ... safe and more efficacious treatment strategies are urgently needed. Fortunately, recent advances in basic and clinical research in this area, such as immunotherapy, newly identified drug targets, gene therapy, and CRISPR technology, have shown great potential to provide
[234] Trends and perspectives for improving quality of chronic kidney disease ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 850 million people globally, and the need to prevent its development and progression is urgent. During the past decade, new perspectives have arisen related to the quality and precision of care for CKD, owing to the development of new tools and interventions for CKD diagnosis and management. New biomarkers, imaging methods, artificial intelligence
[235] New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease — Keywords: chronic kidney disease, molecular mechanisms, oxidative stress, inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, nod-like receptor protein 3, gut-kidney axis, novel therapies. 1. Introduction. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem with a developing incidence and prevalence. CKD represents about 10-13% of the
[243] Potential targeted therapy and diagnosis based on novel insight into ... — Potential targeted therapy and diagnosis based on novel insight into growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors in acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury-chronic kidney disease
[262] Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease - CDC — Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease | Chronic Kidney Disease | CDC Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 View All Chronic Kidney Disease Basics Testing Risk Factors Preventing Caring for Yourself and Others Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease: Common, Serious, and Costly About the CKD Initiative View All Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease Managing risk factors like diabetes and high blood pressure can help prevent kidney problems like chronic kidney disease (CKD). Get your kidneys tested if you're at risk of CKD. Keep Reading: Testing for Chronic Kidney Disease The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023
[263] The Latest in Chronic Kidney Disease: Strategies for Prevention and ... — Kidney health is a growing public health concern in the US and worldwide. An estimated 1 in 7 adults in the US have chronic kidney disease (CKD). 1,2 Because CKD is asymptomatic at earlier stages if left undetected, it can progress to the need for dialysis due to kidney failure. 3 This is a disease that progresses slowly over time, and as many as 9 in 10 people are unaware that they have CKD. 2
[264] Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease - NIDDK - National Institute of ... — You can protect your kidneys by preventing or managing health conditions that cause kidney damage, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease, you may want to locate and work with a dietitian to create a meal plan that meets your needs. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease, the best way to protect your kidneys from damage is to Talk with your health care provider about certain blood pressure medicines, called ACE inhibitors and ARBs, which may protect your kidneys. This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health.
[266] Management of Diabetes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease — Results Comprehensive care strategies include lifestyle interventions, optimal glycemic, blood pressure, weight, and lipid management, and preferential use of therapies with proven heart and kidney beneficial effects.
[267] How To Prevent Chronic Kidney Disease: Tips For A Healthy Life — Important Lifestyle Changes For Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Healthy Diet: People must consume at least five daily portions of fruits and vegetables to maintain proper blood pressure
[268] Lifestyle Changes for Kidney Disease - NYU Langone Health — Lifestyle Changes for Kidney Disease | NYU Langone Health Patient Care Explore NYU Langone Health Patient Care Conditions Care & Services Care & Services Care & Services Find care close to you at our locations throughout the New York City area and in Florida. Learn about our support services and find information to help you before, during, and after your visit. Search Patient Care In addition to medication, your NYU Langone doctor may recommend lifestyle changes that can slow the progression of kidney disease. If you have diabetes, your NYU Langone doctor may prescribe medication to control blood sugar and recommend regular glucose monitoring, a healthy diet, and exercise. Our Research and Education in Kidney Disease Patient Care Expand menu
[269] Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease - NIDDK - National Institute of ... — You can protect your kidneys by preventing or managing health conditions that cause kidney damage, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease, you may want to locate and work with a dietitian to create a meal plan that meets your needs. If you have diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease, the best way to protect your kidneys from damage is to Talk with your health care provider about certain blood pressure medicines, called ACE inhibitors and ARBs, which may protect your kidneys. This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health.
[270] Living with Chronic Kidney Disease - CDC — Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023 View All Chronic Kidney Disease Basics Testing Risk Factors Preventing Caring for Yourself and Others Living with Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic Kidney Disease: Common, Serious, and Costly About the CKD Initiative View All Taking an active role in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) will help you feel better and improve your overall well-being. Physical activity is good for anyone with kidney disease, whether you have mild, moderate, or severe CKD. Chronic Kidney Disease The Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Initiative provides public health strategies for promoting kidney health. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023
[273] Risk Factor-Based Screening for Early Detection of Chronic Kidney ... — Kidney failure can be prevented or delayed if chronic kidney disease (CKD) is detected and treated early. Targeted screening has been shown effective in detecting CKD worldwide, but a recently updated summary of evidence is lacking. We synthesized up-to-date evidence of the effectiveness of risk factor-based screening for the early detection of CKD among adults in primary care.
[275] Community-Based Interventions for CKD Prevention and Management — Community-Based Interventions for CKD Prevention and Management - Renes Care Community-Based Interventions for CKD Prevention and Management Effective community-based interventions for CKD prevention and management typically include several key components: For instance, community-based education and screening programs have led to a substantial increase in the detection of early-stage CKD and improved management of risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes. Additionally, community-based interventions can lead to cost savings for healthcare systems by reducing the incidence of advanced CKD and the need for expensive treatments such as dialysis and kidney transplantation. Welcome to your Community-Based Interventions for CKD Prevention Management 2. Which group is primarily involved in delivering educational programs in community-based interventions for CKD prevention?
[276] Leveraging Resources Effectively at the Community Level: Lessons ... — Collection date 2022 Dec. Keywords: community health, kidney disease screening and awareness program (KDSAP), minority/immigrant health, patient trust, undergraduate Here, we reflect on the kidney disease screening and awareness program (KDSAP), a decade-old undergraduate educational model,6 to provide insights on aspects of the program that have enabled it to provide effective free health screening and educational events to local communities at scale. The KDSAP outreach program allows students to work alongside physicians to provide free screenings for CKD risk factors and educational events to raise public awareness about kidney disease. With funding to attract more faculty advisors, KDSAP will be empowered to reach more people and continue its goal of improving CKD awareness and the early detection of kidney disease in local communities, while cultivating student interest in nephrology to reduce the renal physician shortage in the United States.
[277] Kidney health for everyone everywhere - from prevention to detection ... — In patients with advanced CKD, management of co-morbidities such as uremia and cardiovascular disease is a highly recommended preventative intervention to avoid or delay dialysis or kidney transplantation. Intervention after screening is also important and patients detected with CKD should be referred to primary care and general physicians with experience in management of kidney disease for follow up. The program, known as the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative, has set goals with metrics to measure its success; among them is to increase efforts to prevent, detect, and slow the progression of kidney disease, in part by addressing traditional risk factors like diabetes and hypertension.
[301] Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Disease | SpringerLink — Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is critically important for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Each stage of CKD from diagnosis, progressive decline of kidney function, renal replacement therapy with dialysis or transplantation, or both to end-of-life care can negatively impact HRQoL.
[302] The impact of progressive chronic kidney disease on health-related ... — Purpose: Quality-of-life is poor in end-stage kidney disease; however, the relationships between earlier stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are poorly understood. This study explored longitudinal quality-of-life changes in a community-based CKD cohort and assessed associations between CKD and quality-of-life over time, and between baseline quality-of-life and CKD outcomes.
[303] Quality of life and its predictors among patients with chronic kidney ... — Quality of life (QoL) is increasingly being considered as an important measure of how disease affects patients' lives, especially for long-term diseases like chronic kidney disease (CKD). Even though there is no statistically significant association between stages of CKD and QoL, it is decreased in patients with early stages of the disease.
[304] Perceived Health and Quality of Life in Patients With CKD, Including ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects ~10% of the adult population, 1 substantially impairing their life expectancy and health. 2 Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an increasingly used outcome in patients with CKD and an important measure of how the disease affects the physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of their well-being. 3 This multidimensional concept goes beyond
[305] Factors associated with quality of life in patients with kidney failure ... — Later stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poorer self-perceived health-related quality of life (HRQOL), a major consideration for many patients. Psychological factors such as depression and anxiety have been linked with poorer HRQOL. We aimed to determine if anxiety or depressive symptoms are significantly associated with self-perceived health-related quality of life, in
[306] Social Support, Caregivers, and Chronic Kidney Disease — The morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease remains unacceptably high. Psychosocial issues in CKD patients are frequently overlooked yet are often modifiable risk factors for mortality. Addressing patient perception of social support can potentially improve patient outcomes.
[308] Patient-Centered Care in Nephrology Kidney Disease Management — A holistic view of all these characteristics is essential for patient-centered medicine. Psychosocial Support. Dealing with kidney disease can also bring anxiety, depression, or feelings of isolation. Addressing psychosocial support as a part of the care model (e.g., counseling, support groups) may assist patients in dealing with these issues.
[309] Chronic Kidney Disease Support Groups in the US — Joining a chronic kidney disease (CKD) support group can provide invaluable benefits for individuals navigating the challenges of living with this condition. By joining online chronic kidney disease support groups and forums, individuals with CKD can access valuable resources, receive peer support, and find comfort in knowing they are not alone in their journey. Joining a chronic kidney disease (CKD) support group can provide valuable resources and emotional support for individuals living with this condition. In addition to providing valuable resources, chronic kidney disease support groups offer a unique environment for individuals to connect with peers who are facing similar challenges. In conclusion, the peer connections and emotional support found in chronic kidney disease support groups play a vital role in helping individuals navigate the challenges of living with CKD.
[310] Living well with kidney disease by patient and care-partner empowerment ... — Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with hardships for patients and their care partners. Empowering patients and their care partners, including family members and friends involved in their care, may help minimize the burden and consequences of CKD-related symptoms to enable increased life participation. There is a need to broaden the focus on living well with kidney disease
[312] Kidney Disease's Mental Health Impact: A Comprehensive Guide — That’s why it’s crucial to shine a spotlight on the mental health aspects of kidney disease. When Your Brain Feels Like It’s in a Fog: Cognitive Changes and Mental Clarity That’s what cognitive changes in kidney disease can feel like. Chronic illnesses like kidney disease can indeed have profound psychological effects, but with understanding, support, and the right strategies, these challenges can be navigated successfully. As we wrap up our exploration of the psychological impact of kidney disease, it’s clear that this condition affects far more than just the physical body. Screening for mental health issues, providing resources for psychological support, and opening up conversations about the emotional impact of kidney disease can make a world of difference to your patients.
[313] Anxiety and depression in patients with end-stage renal disease: impact ... — One prospective observational study concluded that depressive symptoms in CKD predicted increased rate of progression to ESRD, and faster dialysis initiation, death, or hospitalization.45 The results of this study echoed another landmark study by Hedayati et al which found patients with both a CKD and a clinical diagnosis of depression twice more likely to be hospitalized and more than three times likely to progress to ESRD and dialysis than patients who are non-depressed.46 This association was found to be independent of disease severity and the presence of other comorbidities such as diabetes. In a recent review of studies in CKD patients not requiring dialysis, Clarke et al73 noted that symptoms of depression and anxiety are more correlated with illness perception than with health status, which supports the CSM.
[346] The Growing Challenge of Chronic Kidney Disease: An Overview ... - PubMed — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming one of the world's most prevalent noncommunicable chronic diseases. The World Health Organization projects CKD to become the 5th most common chronic disease in 2040. Causes of CKD are multifactorial and diverse, but early-stage symptoms are often few and sile …
[349] Updates to Management of Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease — In March 2024, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) published updated guidelines on the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease (CKD).1 A comprehensive review of screening for and evaluation and management of CKD and its complications was published previously in American Family Physician.2 This editorial highlights the KDIGO updates related to new medications that can delay CKD progression and recommendations for assessment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in patients with CKD. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors reduce risk of acute kidney injury and progression to kidney failure and provide cardioprotective benefits for adults with CKD and type 2 diabetes.1 A significant update in the 2024 KDIGO guideline is that these benefits have also been seen in adults with CKD without diabetes who have albuminuria (defined as a 200 mg/g [20 mg/mmol] or greater albumin to creatinine ratio) or a diagnosis of heart failure.1,6
[360] FDA Roundup: Nephrology Device and Drug Approvals, Warnings — In September 2023, the FDA approved empagliflozin for adults with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression to reduce the risk of sustained eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease
[361] 5 recent FDA approvals to help treat kidney disease — All about the kidneys Preventing kidney disease Other kidney diseases Kidney disease in children Living with kidney disease Clinical trials for kidney disease and other kidney diseases All about the kidneys Preventing kidney disease Other kidney diseases Kidney disease in children Living with kidney disease Clinical trials for kidney disease and other kidney diseases Tenapanor (brand name XPHOZAH®) was approved by the FDA on Oct. 17, 2023 as a treatment for high phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) in adults with kidney disease who are receiving dialysis treatments. AKF works on behalf of 1 in 7 Americans living with kidney disease, and the millions more at risk, to support people wherever they are in their fight against kidney disease — from prevention through post-transplant living.
[362] Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremia ... — Novel therapies with epigenetic modulators such as microRNA which is dysregulated in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), apabetalone treatment, a bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitor in improvement in renal function, and BET inhibition in metabolic bone disorders are reviewed.
[364] Global Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: A ... — 6 Medical Research and Innovation (HEALTHINK), Thessaloniki, Greece. ... Annual direct costs associated with CKD management rose by an average factor of 4 in each country/region upon progression from stage G3a to G5. Mean annual costs per patient increased considerably more from early stages versus dialysis (stage G3a, mean: $3060 versus
[365] New modelling reveals the escalating toll of chronic kidney disease on ... — A new modelling analysis by AstraZeneca, IMPACT CKD, forecasts up to 16.5% of the population across eight countries will suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD) by 2032, including a rise of up to 59.3% in advanced-stage. 1 Presented at the 2024 ISN World Congress of Nephrology (WCN'24) in Buenos Aires, the study highlights an urgent and growing global health crisis with profound economic
[367] Promising Phase II Results in Chronic Kidney Disease - Boehringer Ingelheim — Ingelheim, Germany, November 6, 2023 - Boehringer Ingelheim today announced promising 14-week Phase II data for BI 690517, a novel selective aldosterone synthase inhibitor (ASi).The results showed a significant reduction of albuminuria, a marker of kidney damage, 2 by up to 39.5% when BI 690517 was given on top of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT2) inhibitor, vs. placebo
[377] Genetics/Genomics in chronic kidney disease--towards personalized ... — The progression rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to its terminal stage, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the development and severity of various complications, are at least indirectly influenced by genetic--and epigenetic--factors. ... Personalized medicine based on a more individualized therapy could be applied in, for example
[378] Machine learning approaches for predicting and diagnosing chronic ... — The application of machine learning in real-world CKD management has shown promising results, ranging from early detection and personalized treatment to remote monitoring and clinical trial matching. ... Delrue C, De Bruyne S, Speeckaert MM (2024) Application of machine learning in chronic kidney disease: current status and future prospects
[379] Applications of machine learning methods in kidney disease: Hope or ... — Current applications have included prediction of acute kidney disease and chronic kidney disease along with progression of kidney disease. Researchers have demonstrated the ability of machine learning to read kidney biopsy samples, identify patient outcomes from unstructured data, identify subtypes in complex diseases, and discuss the potential
[380] Predict, diagnose, and treat chronic kidney disease with machine ... — Machine learning is a promising tool for the prediction of risk, diagnosis, and therapy management for CKD patients. Nonetheless, future work is needed to address the interpretability, generalizability, and fairness of the models to ensure the safe application of such technologies in routine clinica …
[382] Artificial intelligence in chronic kidney diseases: methodology and ... — Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant global health challenge, characterized by kidney damage and decreased function. ... Artificial intelligence in chronic kidney diseases: methodology and potential applications ... the integration of AI into clinical practice faces challenges such as the opacity of some algorithms and concerns
[384] Interoperability Reduces Provider Burden and Improves Patient Care - FMCNA — There is a pressing need to advance interoperability and data sharing across information silos to reduce the provider burden. ... Timely and relevant access to patient data is a key requirement in providing quality care for chronic kidney disease ... strategy, and product innovation roles in various industries including information management
[385] Interoperability of Electronic Health Information and Care of Dialysis ... — Interoperability in this context is the ability for EHRs to share clinical information between systems and with patients in a manner that supports clinical decision making, thereby increasing the value of EHRs, particularly for complex medical problems such as end stage kidney disease (ESKD). ... Wyncott A, Xiang J, Xin X, Yin M, You AS, Zhang
[386] Care Coordination for Dialysis Patients During and ... - Kidney Medicine — Particularly the lack of interoperability of electronic health records remains a key barrier for most dialysis clinic-hospital dyads. ... (despite their independent management and separate electronic health record and care teams). ... USRDS 2020 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States.