Arabic orthography is the systematic study of the writing system used for the Arabic language. It investigates the graphic representation of Arabic speech, its rules, conventions, and historical development. This field analyzes the principles governing the Arabic script, including its abjad nature, right-to-left directionality, positional letter forms, the use of diacritics (such as *harakat*) for vocalization, ligatures, and punctuation. Research in Arabic orthography is significant for linguistic analysis, historical studies, and computational linguistics, providing essential insights into the written standard and its relationship with spoken varieties.