Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Neurology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the study and treatment of disorders affecting the nervous system, which is a complex and sophisticated system responsible for regulating and coordinating various bodily activities.[1.1] The nervous system consists of two major divisions: the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which encompasses the nerves.[4.1] This intricate system plays a crucial role in enabling movement, thought, and sensation, serving as the body's command center.[4.1] Understanding the structure and function of the nervous system is essential for diagnosing and managing neurological conditions.[1.1] A neurologist is a medical doctor specialized in diagnosing, treating, and managing disorders of the nervous system. This specialization requires extensive knowledge of the anatomy and functions of the nervous system, as well as the various conditions that can affect it. Neurologists typically undergo rigorous training, including a year of internship that encompasses both neurology and other medical fields.[2.1] Neurological disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that impact how the nervous system functions, leading to physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. Common manifestations of these disorders include pain, confusion, mood changes, and coordination difficulties. Given the diverse nature of neurological disorders, which can affect individuals of all ages, it is essential for those experiencing unusual symptoms to consult a healthcare provider promptly.[3.1] The nervous system is divided into two major components: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes all other neural elements. This division underscores the complexity of the nervous system and its role as the body's command center, facilitating movement, thought, and sensation.[4.1]Importance of Neurology in Healthcare
Neurology plays a crucial role in healthcare due to its focus on disorders that affect the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurological disorders can lead to a wide range of symptoms impacting movement, cognition, and overall quality of life, with common conditions including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.[11.1] The significance of neurology extends beyond physical symptoms, as these disorders are often linked to mental health challenges, increasing the risk of anxiety and depression among affected individuals.[12.1] The interplay between neurological disorders and mental health is crucial for providing comprehensive patient care. Neurological conditions can significantly impact mental health, necessitating an integrated approach that addresses both aspects of a patient's well-being.[13.1] Emotional regulation plays a vital role in this context, as it helps individuals manage their feelings, cope with stress, and maintain overall mental health, particularly for those with neurological disorders.[14.1] It is important to recognize that while there are similarities between mental disorders and neurological diseases, there are also significant differences that must be understood. Psychiatric disorders are characterized by abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and they typically require treatment through a combination of medications and therapy.[15.1] Therefore, a holistic approach that considers both neurological and psychiatric elements is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. Recent advancements in neurotechnologies and molecular neuroscience have further underscored the importance of neurology in healthcare. Techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have provided insights into the molecular complexities of neurological diseases, facilitating the identification of potential therapeutic targets for conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[19.1] These advancements not only enhance our understanding of neurological disorders but also pave the way for innovative treatment approaches. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into neurology is yielding significant advancements in patient care, particularly through early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans. AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data, including medical history, imaging results, and genetic profiles, to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that may be overlooked by human observation.[24.1] This capability not only enhances the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans but also supports groundbreaking research endeavors in the field.[24.1] According to a recent report by the National Academy of Medicine, AI presents "unprecedented opportunities" to augment the care provided by specialists, addressing challenges such as human fatigue and inattention, as well as the risks associated with machine error.[25.1] The application of AI techniques in precision medicine impacts the personalization of care through therapy planning and risk prediction, utilizing clinical, genomic, and social determinants of health.[25.1] As neurology continues to evolve with these technological advancements, the importance of ongoing research and innovation in the field becomes increasingly evident.History
Early Foundations of Neurology
The early foundations of neurology can be traced back to prehistoric times, although the formal academic disciplines of neurology and neurosurgery began to take shape in the 16th century. The establishment of these medical specialties as distinct fields occurred primarily in Europe and the United States during the 20th century, marked by the formation of professional societies separate from internal medicine.[6.1] A significant milestone in the history of neurology was the publication of Andreas Vesalius's "De humani corporis fabrica" in 1543, which provided detailed anatomical illustrations that advanced the understanding of the nervous system.[43.1] Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) is widely recognized as the father of modern neurology, having made significant contributions that advanced the field during a time when neurology was not yet formally acknowledged as a distinct medical specialty.[53.1] His pioneering work in neuropathology and clinical neurology laid the groundwork for understanding a variety of neurological disorders.[50.1] Charcot's influence extended beyond neurology; he was also instrumental in developments within pathology, psychiatry, and internal medicine.[51.1] Notably, his groundbreaking research on hypnosis and hysteria, particularly through his work with the patient Louise Augustine Gleizes, further solidified his impact in the medical community.[52.1] The removal of Charcot's discoveries from the field of neurology would render it unrecognizable, highlighting his profound influence on the evolution of medical understanding in this area.[54.1] The late 19th century saw further advancements with the invention of the microscope and the development of chemical staining techniques by Camillo Golgi, which facilitated the study of neurons. Santiago Ramón y Cajal's research in 1888 provided evidence that neurons are discrete entities, leading to the formulation of the neuron doctrine, a foundational concept in modern neuroscience.[44.1] This period marked a significant transition in the understanding of the nervous system, moving from a focus on general anatomical structures to a more nuanced appreciation of cellular components and their functions.Milestones in Neurological Research
The history of neurology as a distinct medical specialty emerged in the mid- to late-19th century, significantly influenced by advancements in European medicine and scientific research.[59.1] This period was marked by the establishment of several key neurological journals that facilitated the dissemination of knowledge in the field. Notably, the English journal Brain was founded in 1887, followed by the French Revue Neurologique in 1893. Additionally, Germany contributed to the field with the Neurologische Centralblatt in 1882 and the more prominent Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde in 1891.[60.1] In Switzerland, early neurology journals were often combined with psychiatry, exemplified by the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, which began publication in 1917. This proliferation of journals across various countries played a crucial role in advancing the understanding of neurological diseases and enhancing patient care and treatment approaches during this transformative period in medical history.[60.1] A pivotal figure in this evolution was Santiago Ramón y Cajal, whose groundbreaking work on the neuron doctrine fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the nervous system. Cajal's studies on the microanatomy of the central nervous system (CNS) and his theories regarding neural plasticity laid the groundwork for modern neuroscience. His assertion that neural connections could adapt in response to experience has become a cornerstone of contemporary theories on learning and memory.[48.1] The neuron doctrine, which Cajal championed, established the principle that neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, a concept that has guided neuroscientific research throughout the 20th century.[47.1] In addition to Cajal's contributions, the development of electroencephalography (EEG) marked another significant milestone in neurology, allowing for the non-invasive study of brain activity. This advancement, along with the introduction of modern drug therapies, has transformed the landscape of neurological research and treatment.[57.1] The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), established in 1950, has further propelled research in the field, leading to innovative treatments for neurological diseases such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease through the development of brain stimulation devices.[58.1]In this section:
Common Neurological Disorders
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a significant form of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of all dementia cases.[102.1] It is essential to understand that dementia is a syndrome, not a specific disease, meaning that its clinical features can arise from a variety of injuries, infections, or diseases.[101.1] Common symptoms of dementia include memory failure, a diminished ability to manage multiple tasks simultaneously, and difficulties with attention.[101.1] Recognizing the key clinical symptoms and pathology of different forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment.[102.1] Alzheimer's disease is a major form of dementia, accounting for up to 80% of all dementia cases. Understanding the key clinical symptoms and pathology of Alzheimer's is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment decisions.[102.1] The disease typically progresses more rapidly than Parkinson's disease, with a life expectancy of 8-10 years following diagnosis, compared to 10-20 years for Parkinson's.[105.1] While Alzheimer's primarily affects memory and cognitive abilities, Parkinson's disease predominantly impacts motor functions.[105.1] Alzheimer's disease is a major contributor to dementia, accounting for up to 80% of all cases.[102.1] Accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease hinges on understanding its key clinical symptoms and pathology, which is crucial for distinguishing it from other forms of dementia, including vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.[102.1] Recognizing these symptoms is essential for providing appropriate diagnoses and guiding treatment decisions.Recent Advancements
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Neurology
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into neurology has led to significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. AI algorithms are capable of analyzing diverse patient data, including medical history, imaging results, and genetic profiles, to identify subtle markers of neurological conditions that may be overlooked by human observation. This capability enhances early diagnosis and allows for the development of personalized treatment plans tailored to individual patients, ultimately improving the quality and effectiveness of care for neurological disorders.[111.1] Recent research has highlighted the potential of AI in managing specific conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. A study conducted by researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine demonstrated that an experimental anti-amyloid drug could delay or halt the progression of symptoms in individuals with early-onset Alzheimer's. This finding underscores the promise of AI in facilitating the development of targeted therapies for complex neurological conditions.[112.1] Moreover, advancements in AI technology are set to revolutionize epilepsy management. New software that integrates large language models and multimodal analysis tools will enable real-time, non-invasive monitoring of patients outside clinical settings. This innovation is expected to enhance presurgical planning for epilepsy patients by providing critical information that predicts candidate epileptogenic brain regions, thereby improving surgical outcomes.[117.1] AI's ability to process vast amounts of complex data is also contributing to enhanced diagnostic accuracy in neurology. By improving the precision of diagnoses, AI facilitates earlier detection of neurological conditions, which is crucial for effective intervention.[118.1] However, the integration of AI in neurology raises important ethical considerations, particularly regarding patient privacy and the potential for algorithmic bias. As healthcare organizations increasingly utilize AI technologies, they must proactively address privacy and data security concerns to build trust with patients. Ensuring transparency in how patient data is used and how algorithmic recommendations are made is essential for mitigating ethical risks associated with AI applications in healthcare.[127.1] By navigating these complexities, stakeholders can harness the full potential of AI to improve patient care while safeguarding patient welfare and autonomy.Innovations in Neuroimaging Techniques
Recent advancements in neuroimaging techniques, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have proven indispensable in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders. fMRI is instrumental in identifying structural changes in the brain, such as hippocampal atrophy, which is associated with memory loss in conditions like Alzheimer's disease.[128.1] Furthermore, fMRI, along with related techniques such as resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI), contributes significantly to understanding behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders. Studies utilizing rs-fMRI have been pivotal in testing hypotheses about specific functional networks and their sub-networks, as well as examining the impact of activities like mindfulness meditation on the brain's intrinsic connectivity.[129.1] These innovations in neuroimaging not only enhance diagnostic capabilities but also hold promise for predicting treatment outcomes in various neurological and psychiatric conditions. The integration of advanced MRI techniques, including resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI), has further contributed to understanding behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders. These techniques allow researchers to explore intrinsic connectivity patterns in the brain, which can inform treatment strategies for conditions such as schizophrenia and depression.[129.1] Moreover, the combination of fMRI with electroencephalography (EEG) has improved data quality and accessibility for neuroscience studies, enabling researchers to capture different aspects of brain activity and enhance the understanding of complex disorders.[130.1] Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are also playing a transformative role in neuroimaging. AI algorithms analyze diverse patient data, including medical history and imaging results, to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that may be overlooked by human observation. This capability not only facilitates early diagnosis but also supports the development of personalized treatment plans, optimizing care for individual patients.[132.1] Furthermore, the advent of mobile EEG devices has enabled remote monitoring of neurological conditions, allowing for the assessment of health conditions outside clinical settings. This innovation is particularly valuable for delivering neurofeedback interventions and monitoring sleep patterns, thereby guiding future research and application strategies in the field.[133.1] Overall, these advancements in neuroimaging techniques are revolutionizing the landscape of neurology, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and improving patient outcomes through more tailored treatment approaches.[134.1]In this section:
Neurology Centers And Specialized Care
Importance of Neurology Centers
Neurology centers are essential in addressing the complexities of the nervous system and the myriad of neurological conditions that affect patients. This branch of medicine seeks to unravel the mysteries of the brain and its intricate web of connections, with neurologists playing a crucial role in diagnosing, treating, and managing various neurological disorders.[136.1] The late 1960s highlighted the increasing need for dedicated care for patients suffering from life-threatening neurological conditions, such as intracerebral hemorrhage, acute ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury. This demand led to the establishment of the first neuro-intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) in 1969 at Massachusetts General Hospital.[154.1] The development of specialized care in neurology underscores the importance of focused treatment strategies for managing these complex conditions effectively. The concept of neuroplasticity, which refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections, has become fundamental in the field of neurology. This understanding has influenced the development of specialized care programs within neurology centers, particularly in the context of rehabilitation following neurological insults like stroke and traumatic brain injury.[138.1] By leveraging neuroplasticity, treatment programs can incorporate methods such as cognitive training and non-invasive brain stimulation to enhance recovery and regain function.[137.1] Neurology centers are essential in addressing the significant and growing global health challenge posed by neurodegenerative disorders, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[143.1] Recent research has revealed critical insights into the cellular pathways associated with these diseases, which may inform specialized care strategies within these centers.[142.1] Neuropsychological testing plays a pivotal role in the comprehensive care of individuals with cognitive and mental health concerns, aiding in accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and monitoring of patient progress.[145.1] Despite advancements in imaging technology, neuropsychological assessments remain vital, as significant brain changes can occur alongside nearly normal cognitive functioning, and individuals without detectable lesions may still experience substantial cognitive and functional limitations.[146.1] Therefore, these evaluations are crucial for tailoring individualized treatment plans and enhancing patient outcomes in neurology centers.[145.1] Resource allocation in neurology centers is crucial for effectively meeting the diverse needs of patients with neurological conditions. This involves the strategic distribution of limited resources, such as medical staff and equipment, to ensure that both patient care and research initiatives are adequately supported.[150.1] The importance of this allocation is underscored by the necessity to address local barriers and facilitate the adoption of evidence-based practices, which can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of health services provided.[152.1] Implementation science research plays a vital role in this context, as it systematically assesses these barriers and examines potential solutions through targeted strategies that promote the integration of research findings into routine clinical practice.[152.1]Multidisciplinary Approaches in Treatment
Multidisciplinary approaches in treatment within neurology centers are essential for enhancing patient outcomes, particularly for those with chronic neurological conditions. The integration of psychological support is a critical component of this approach, as chronic pain and mental health issues often share a complex, bidirectional relationship. Individuals suffering from persistent physical discomfort are at an increased risk of developing psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety, which can exacerbate their pain and create a challenging cycle of suffering.[139.1] By incorporating psychological support into treatment plans, neurology centers can address both the physical and mental health needs of patients, leading to improved overall outcomes. Furthermore, the lack of foundational knowledge in neuroscience and psychology among clinicians can hinder the effective management of disorders that intersect neurology and psychiatry. Training that integrates these disciplines can enhance clinicians' understanding of the neurobiological substrates involved in such disorders, ultimately leading to better awareness and management of conditions like idiopathic hypersomnia and the side effects of dopamine agonist therapy for Parkinson's disease.[140.1] This interdisciplinary education fosters expertise in brain diseases and behavior, which is crucial for developing comprehensive treatment strategies. In addition to psychological support, integrative approaches that emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration and effective communication are vital. These approaches also incorporate cultural perspectives, which can significantly influence patient behaviors, beliefs, and values, thereby impacting health outcomes. For instance, positive beliefs communicated by healthcare providers can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where patients experience better health outcomes simply because they believe in the effectiveness of their treatment.[141.1] Neuropsychological assessments play a significant role in tailoring individualized treatment plans for patients in neurology centers. These assessments evaluate a range of mental functions, including attention, learning, and problem-solving, providing valuable insights into how a patient's brain functions. Healthcare providers can utilize these results to understand the underlying causes of cognitive issues and monitor progress over time, ensuring that treatment plans are adjusted as needed.[147.1] By employing a multidisciplinary approach that includes psychological support, interdisciplinary collaboration, and neuropsychological assessments, neurology centers can significantly enhance the quality of care and outcomes for their patients.In this section:
Challenges In Neurology
Diagnostic Challenges
Neurological diseases present significant diagnostic challenges, particularly in developing countries where the burden of such conditions is exacerbated by various socio-economic factors. The prevalence of neurological disorders, including neuroinfections and epilepsy, is notably higher in low and middle-income countries, with approximately 80% of individuals affected by epilepsy residing in these regions.[170.1] This disparity is attributed to risk factors such as head trauma, perinatal injury, and central nervous system infections, which are more prevalent in poorer areas.[170.1] In addition to the high incidence of neurological diseases, there are systemic barriers that hinder effective diagnosis and treatment. Racial and ethnic discrimination has been identified as a significant inequity affecting access to healthcare services, timely diagnosis, and disease management for neurological patients.[162.1] Furthermore, the economic landscape plays a crucial role; the high costs associated with modern medical care often render it inaccessible in resource-poor settings, necessitating the development of cost-effective solutions to ensure that treatments remain affordable without compromising patient outcomes.[163.1] The epidemiology of neurological diseases in developing countries is complex, influenced by limited healthcare access, environmental risk factors, and inadequate resources.[168.1] For instance, neurocysticercosis, a leading cause of epilepsy in many hyperendemic regions, exemplifies the intersection of infectious diseases and neurological disorders, with millions of cases reported annually.[178.1] The challenges in diagnosing and treating such conditions are compounded by the lack of available treatments and poor diagnostic tools, which further exacerbate health disparities.[162.1] The stigma surrounding mental health issues often manifests as negative attitudes toward individuals experiencing mental illness or seeking mental health services, leading to judgment, shame, and social exclusion.[192.1] This stigma is particularly pronounced for marginalized individuals, as it intersects with other forms of discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.[192.1] Despite the recognition of persistent health disparities affecting these communities, marginalized populations, including Black, Indigenous, and people of color, have remained significantly understudied in clinical science and allied disciplines.[193.1] To effectively address these intertwined issues and reduce mental health disparities, it is crucial to examine the unique experiences of these groups.[193.1]Treatment Limitations
Health disparities significantly impact the treatment of neurological disorders, with socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and access to care being primary drivers of these inequities. Recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and instances of police violence, have highlighted these disparities, which affect patient outcomes across various neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy.[165.1] Racial and ethnic minorities often face diagnostic delays and inequities in disease management, which can lead to poorer health outcomes compared to their counterparts.[167.1] For instance, studies indicate that racial and ethnic discrimination is frequently reported across all care pathways, including access to services, time to diagnosis, and disease management.[166.1] This discrimination can manifest as barriers to receiving appropriate care, such as timely diagnosis and early interventions, which are crucial for effective treatment.[166.1] Moreover, the lack of available treatments and inadequate diagnostic tools further exacerbate these disparities, particularly for neurological patients who may require specialized services.[166.1] There is an urgent need for more research focused on addressing these health inequities in neurological disorders, as understanding the underlying causes is essential for developing effective interventions.[167.1] Addressing these challenges is critical to ensuring equitable treatment for all patients suffering from neurological conditions.Future Directions In Neurology
Emerging Technologies
Emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, are poised to significantly transform the field of neurology. AI is influencing medicine at all levels, and neurology, known for its complexity, is no exception. The integration of AI technologies has led to advancements in various aspects of neurological care, including diagnostics, treatment personalization, and research methodologies. For instance, AI-powered algorithms can analyze diverse patient data—such as medical history, imaging results, and genetic profiles—to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that may be overlooked by human observation, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans.[200.1] Machine learning, a subset of AI, enables the development of systems that learn from data and improve over time. This capability is particularly beneficial in clinical workflows, such as the analysis of neuroimaging and the coding of stroke comorbidities, where AI can enhance the accuracy and efficiency of diagnoses.[202.1] Furthermore, AI tools can process complex medical data to provide better predictions, which aids in accurate diagnosis and brain-computer interfacing (BCI).[203.1] The application of AI in neuroradiology has also shown promise, with algorithms designed to improve image interpretation and reduce artifacts in CT imaging, thereby enhancing patient care.[204.1] In the context of neurological emergencies, AI has the potential to revolutionize diagnosis and treatment processes. A systematic review highlighted the importance of deploying AI technologies in a transparent and ethical manner, particularly for conditions such as stroke and traumatic brain injury.[208.1] As AI continues to evolve, it is expected to facilitate real-time, non-invasive monitoring of patients, particularly in managing epilepsy, and improve presurgical planning by predicting candidate epileptogenic brain regions.[206.1] Moreover, the future of neurology will likely see a stronger emphasis on ethical AI and regulatory frameworks to address concerns related to data privacy and algorithmic bias, ensuring that these technologies are implemented safely and effectively in clinical settings.[206.1] Overall, the integration of AI and machine learning into neurology is driving transformative changes that enhance patient care and deepen our understanding of neurological disorders.[205.1]Potential Breakthroughs in Treatment
Recent advancements in neurology have highlighted several potential breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine have reported promising results from a study suggesting that anti-amyloid drugs, such as gantenerumab, may delay or even halt the progression of symptoms in individuals with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. This research is significant as it builds on previous findings that anti-amyloid antibodies can slow the progression of common, sporadic Alzheimer's, indicating a potential new avenue for treatment.[214.1] In the realm of Parkinson's disease, a breakthrough by researchers at WEHI has resolved a long-standing mystery related to the PINK1 protein, which is directly linked to this neurodegenerative condition. This discovery opens new possibilities for drug development aimed at combating Parkinson's, which is recognized as the world's fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease.[213.1] Additionally, innovative approaches such as adaptive deep-brain stimulation (DBS) are being explored. This new form of DBS utilizes real-time brain signals to control electrical pulses, akin to a cardiac pacemaker, thereby optimizing symptom control for patients with Parkinson's.[216.1] Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into neurology is poised to revolutionize treatment methodologies. AI technologies are being employed to develop personalized treatment plans based on individual neurological profiles, enhancing the effectiveness of interventions for conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.[198.1] AI's ability to analyze complex data patterns facilitates the identification of subtle markers of neurological disorders, which may otherwise go unnoticed, thus improving early diagnosis and treatment optimization.[196.1] As these technologies evolve, there is also a growing emphasis on ethical considerations, particularly regarding data privacy and algorithmic bias. Ensuring that AI applications in neurology are developed and deployed transparently and ethically is crucial for maintaining high standards of patient care.[211.1] Overall, these advancements signal a transformative era in the treatment of neurological disorders, with the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life.In this section:
References
[1] Neurology at Highland Hospital - University of Rochester Medical Center — Introduction to Neurology. Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord
[2] What Is a Neurologist? What They Do & When to See One - Cleveland Clinic — Overview. What is a neurologist? A neurologist is a medical doctor who diagnoses, treats and manages disorders of the brain and nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves). A neurologist knows the anatomy, function and conditions that affect your nerves and nervous system. ... One year of an internship (training in neurology and other fields).
[3] Neurological Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Types - Cleveland Clinic — Neurological Disorders: What They Are, Symptoms & Types Neurological disorders are conditions that target how your nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves) functions. Neurological disorders are conditions that affect how your nervous system functions. Neurological disorders cause physical, cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms like pain, confusion, mood changes and/or coordination difficulties. What are the symptoms of neurological disorders? Common symptoms of neurological disorders include: Your nervous system coordinates nearly every bodily function, so there’s a wide range of symptoms for neurological disorders. Since neurological disorders can affect anyone at any age and the symptoms vary from person to person, reach out to a healthcare provider if something doesn’t feel right. Let a provider know right away if you or a loved one experience symptoms of a neurological disorder.
[4] Nervous System: What It Is, Parts, Function & Disorders - Cleveland Clinic — The three main parts of your nervous system are your brain, spinal cord and nerves. It helps you move, think and feel. It contains the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Your nervous system is your body’s command center.
[6] History of neurology and neurosurgery - Wikipedia — The study of neurology and neurosurgery dates back to prehistoric times, but the academic disciplines did not begin until the 16th century. The formal organization of the medical specialties of neurology and neurosurgery are relatively recent, taking place in Europe and the United States only in the 20th century with the establishment of professional societies distinct from internal medicine
[11] What Are Neurological Disorders? A Complete Overview — A Complete Overview. Neurological disorders are conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, leading to a wide range of symptoms that can impact movement, cognition, and overall quality of life. ... The most common neurological disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke
[12] When a Neurological Disorder Causes Mental Health Issues — Neurological diseases can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, increasing their risk of anxiety, depression and other mental health challenges. The link, resulting in neurological mental disorders, is something that care providers are learning more about by the day — but treating individuals who are struggling with their mental health and living with a neurological
[13] How Neurological Disorders Impact Your Mental Health - Lone Star Neurology — How Neurological Disorders Impact Your Mental Health Comorbidities: Mental Health and Neurological Disorders How Neurological Disorders Can Impact Mental Health They address neurological and psychiatric aspects for comprehensive patient care. It is crucial in the comprehensive care of patients with neurological disorders. Ways of Managing Mental Health with a Neurological Disorder Self-care and lifestyle changes are crucial in managing both the nervous system and mental health alongside neurological disorders: Lone Star Neurology: Your Partner in Comprehensive Neurological and Mental Health Care These assessments help us understand the impact of neurological conditions on mental health. Our care manages their neurological condition and mental health effectively. Lone Star Neurology’s patients are very lucky to have Jodie providing their care.
[14] How Neurological Disorders Impact Mental Health & Emotions — The Role of Emotional Regulation in Mental Health for Those with Neurological Disorders. Emotional regulation is like having a good control system for your feelings. It helps you stay calm, handle stress, and feel good. For people with neurological disorders, emotional regulation is very important for their mental health.
[15] Mental and Neurological Disorders: What's the Difference — There are some similarities between mental disorders and neurological diseases. But there are also vital differences to understand. Psychiatric disorders are mental health conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. And they are typically treated with a combination of medications and therapy.
[19] The molecular landscape of neurological disorders: insights from single ... — Furthermore, scRNA-seq has shed light on the molecular complexities of cerebrovascular diseases, such as stroke, providing insights into specific genes, cell-specific expression patterns, and potential therapeutic interventions. Single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as a particularly powerful tool, enabling the understanding of cellular heterogeneity and gene expression profiles at an unprecedented resolution . ScRNA-seq single-cell RNA sequencing, DAM disease associated microglia, SPP1 secreted phosphoprotein 1, IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1 , for instance, used scRNA-seq to identify transcriptional changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), revealing alterations in gene expression within specific cell types involved in neuronal function and immune response. employed scRNA-seq to identify disease-associated cell types in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), facilitating the development of potential therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
[24] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[25] Precision Medicine, AI, and the Future of Personalized Health Care — In a recent National Academy of Medicine report about the current and future state of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care, the authors noted “unprecedented opportunities” to augment the care of specialists and the assistance that AI provides in combating the realities of being human (including fatigue and inattention) and the risks of machine error. Both precision medicine and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques impact the goal of personalizing care in five ways: therapy planning using clincal, genomic or social and behavioral determinants of health, and risk prediction/diagnosis, using genomic or other variables. E. et al AI in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril (National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC, 2019).
[43] History of Neurology and Neurosurgery | Encyclopedia MDPI — A revolution took place in both neurology in particular and in anatomy in general when Andreas Vesalius published his De humani corporis fabrica in 1543. It includes detailed images depicting the ventricles, cranial nerves, pituitary gland, meninges, structures of the eye, the vascular supply to the brain and spinal cord, and an image of the peripheral nerves. []
[44] A Brief History of Neuroscience - Psychology Today — The invention of the microscope and chemical staining developed by Golgi gave rise to modern neuroscience. In 1888 Cajal reported that neurons in the brains of birds were not continuous, suggesting that the nervous system is indeed made up of discrete cells, giving birth to a new theory, the neuron doctrine (López-Muñoz et al., 2006). Golgi refused to accept this idea and the battle between the reticular theory and the neuron doctrine continued well after they both shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1906 (Grant, 2007). https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-father-of-modern-neuroscience-discovered-the-basic-unit-of-the-nervous-system/ Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/arts/design/brain-neuroscience-santiago-ramon-y-cajal-grey-gallery.html F. Pang M.Sc. More from Psychology Today F. Pang M.Sc. More from Psychology Today
[47] Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the ... — The neuron doctrine constitutes the cornerstone on which, throughout the 20th century, all the neuroscientific disciplines were constructed. This year sees the centenary of the award of the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine to Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), the great ideologue and driving force behind this theory, for his meritorious work on the structure of the nervous system.
[48] Santiago Ramón y Cajal: The Father of Modern Neuroscience — Neuronal Plasticity: Decades before the term “neuroplasticity” was coined, Cajal suggested that neural connections could change and adapt in response to experience, a concept now central to our understanding of learning, memory, and brain injury recovery. Santiago Ramón y Cajal’s work laid the foundation for the modern study of the brain and nervous system. Neuroanatomy and Neural Networks: Cajal’s work on the structure of neurons has provided the basis for the detailed mapping of the brain’s neural networks. Cajal’s work revolutionized our understanding of how the brain is organized and how neurons communicate, and his theories continue to shape the way we think about the brain today. Facebook Twitter Linkedin Youtube Email Vimeo Rss
[50] Jean-Martin Charcot: The father of modern neurology — Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) is widely regarded as the father of modern neurology, with contributions that have significantly shaped the field. A towering figure in 19th-century medicine, Charcot's work in neuropathology and clinical neurology laid the foundation for understanding a wide range of neurologic disorders.
[51] Jean-Martin Charcot Pathologist, Neurologist, Psychiatrist and ... — Jean-Martin Charcot is known as father of modern neurology. Before him, neurology was only limited to select disorders like chorea. His contributions were not limited to neurology only, as he was instrumental in many new developments in the field of pathology, psychiatry, and internal medicine.
[52] Jean-Martin Charcot - Wikipedia — Jean-Martin Charcot (French: [ʒɑ̃ maʁtɛ̃ ʃaʁko]; 29 November 1825 - 16 August 1893) was a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology. He worked on groundbreaking work about hypnosis and hysteria, in particular with his hysteria patient Louise Augustine Gleizes. Charcot is known as "the founder of modern neurology", and his name has been associated with at
[53] Jean-Martin Charcot: Pioneer of Neurology - PMC — Jean-Martin Charcot, born on November 29, 1825, in Paris, France, is known as the father of neurology. During a time when neurology was not yet a recognized medical specialty, Charcot's pioneering contributions significantly advanced the field.
[54] Jean-Martin Charcot: The Father of Neurology - PMC - PubMed Central (PMC) — To take away from neurology all the discoveries made by Charcot would be to render it unrecognizable. Joseph Babinski 1. Jean-Martin Charcot (figure 1 ) was born in Paris, France in 1825 at a time when the field of Neurology had not been formally recognized as a distinct specialty. 2 He was a gifted painter who used his artistic abilities and strong visual memory to make associations about
[57] Milestones in Neurological Research: A Historical Overview • Philosophy ... — From the early days of nerve function research to the groundbreaking advancements in drug therapies, the history of neurology is filled with remarkable milestones that have shaped our understanding of consciousness and cognitive processes. In this blog, we’ll take a deep dive into the major discoveries and breakthroughs in neurology, from the first scientific studies of nerve function to the development of EEG and modern drug therapies. From the early scientific studies of nerve function to the development of EEG and advancements in drug therapies, these milestones have paved the way for innovations in both research and treatment. How do you think future developments in neurology will change the way we understand consciousness and the human brain?
[58] NINDS 75th Anniversary Timeline — Since 1950, research conducted and funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) has expanded our knowledge of the brain and nervous system and led to the development of new ways to care for people with neurological diseases. Building on findings from devices developed for Parkinson’s disease and basic research on causes of seizures in the brain, NINDS-supported researchers help develop brain stimulation devices to control seizures in people with epilepsy. A Pain Health Science Policy Advisor position was established within the NINDS Office of the Director to serve as the Designated Federal Official for the Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee and to support the expanding programs of the NIH Pain Consortium.
[59] Part 1: The history of 19th century neurology and the American ... — PART 1: The History of 19th Century Neurology and the American Neurological Association Christopher G. Goetz, MD, Teresa A. Chmura, BS, and Douglas Lanska, MD Emergence of Neurology as a Specialty in the United States As a new medical specialty, American neurology developed in the mid- and late-19th century under the influence of three primary forces: European Medicine and Scientific Advances
[60] The founding of neurology as a specialty: The American situation in ... — 1 The English journal Brain started in 1887 and the French Revue Neurologique in 1893. In Germany were the Neurologische Centralblatt (1882) and, more importantly, the Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde (1891). In Switzerland the early neurology journal was combined with psychiatry (Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1917).The same is true for the Dutch and Italian journals, which
[101] Alzheimer's vs. Parkinson's: A Comparison - BrightFocus — What is Dementia? Dementia is a syndrome, not a specific disease.This means that the clinical features of dementia can result from any one of a large group of injuries, infections, or diseases.The symptoms of dementia can include one or more from a list that includes memory failure, diminished ability to keep multiple tasks in mind simultaneously and divide attention between them, problems
[102] Alzheimer's Disease: Early Symptoms and Specialist Referrals — Alzheimer's disease accounts for up to 80% of all dementia cases. Knowing the key clinical symptoms and pathology of different dementias is key in accurately providing diagnoses. According to the Alzheimer's Association, the common forms of dementia include: Alzheimer's dementia; vascular dementia; dementia with Lewy Body; Parkinson's
[105] Alzheimer's vs. Parkinson's: Key Insights - neurolaunch.com — Rate of progression: Alzheimer's disease often progresses more rapidly than Parkinson's, with a typical life expectancy of 8-10 years after diagnosis compared to 10-20 years for Parkinson's. 4. Effects on memory vs. motor function: Alzheimer's primarily impacts memory and cognitive abilities, while Parkinson's primarily affects
[111] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[112] Scientists Announce Possible Breakthrough in Delaying Alzheimer's - Gizmodo — Research announced today is the first of its kind to suggest that anti-amyloid drugs can delay or even stop the progression of symptoms in people with early-onset Alzheimer's. Researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine led the study, which aimed to test whether an experimental anti-amyloid drug called gantenerumab could help people with an inherited form of Alzheimer’s. Many anti-amyloid drugs have shown promise early on, only to fail in larger trials that tested them for people already beginning to experience Alzheimer’s symptoms. “We already know from the lecanemab and donanemab data that anti-amyloid antibodies (AAAs) can slow progression of common, sporadic Alzheimer’s,” Sam Gandy, associate director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Mount Sinai, told Gizmodo. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Scientists are testing an experimental anti-amyloid antibody in people expected to develop early-onset Alzheimer's.
[117] System Integration: How AI Is Weaving Itself into Neurology — New software integrated with large language models and multimodal analysis tools will be available soon allowing more accurate epilepsy management and providing real-time, non-invasive monitoring of patients outside clinical settings.Other tools will revolutionize the presurgical planning for epilepsy patients and provide valuable information to predict the candidate epileptogenic brain regions enhancing the accuracy of surgical outcomes.Finally, as these technologies evolve, there will be a stronger focus on Ethical AI and Regulatory frameworks to address issues like data privacy and algorithmic bias, ensuring safe and trustworthy deployment in clinical environments. Sleep Disorders (Verma): AI has capability to analyze a large amount of data including clinical, bio-psychosocial, genetic, biochemical, sleep study, therapy response data all together leading to clinical predictions which can be helpful for personalization of treatment for individuals.
[118] How AI is Revolutionizing Neurological Diagnostics - Spryson — AI's ability to process and analyze vast amounts of complex data is revolutionizing the way neurological conditions are diagnosed, leading to earlier detection, more accurate diagnoses, and personalized treatment plans. Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy. One of the most significant impacts of AI in neurology is the improvement in diagnostic accuracy.
[127] Ethical Considerations in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and ... — By addressing privacy and data security concerns proactively and transparently, healthcare organizations can build trust with patients, mitigate ethical risks associated with AI and ML applications, and harness the full potential of these technologies to improve patient care and advance medical research, while safeguarding patient privacy and autonomy. By ensuring that healthcare providers and patients understand the rationale behind algorithmic recommendations and the limitations of AI-driven decision-making, healthcare organizations can promote the ethical and responsible use of AI and ML in health care, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the delivery of personalized, evidence-based care . By addressing issues such as data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, transparency, clinical validation, and professional responsibility, healthcare stakeholders can navigate the ethical complexities surrounding AI and ML integration in health care, while safeguarding patient welfare and upholding the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice.
[128] The Impact of Advanced MRI in Neurological Research — Advanced MRI techniques have proven indispensable in the diagnosis and treatment of numerous neurological disorders: Alzheimer's Disease : MRI helps identify structural changes in the brain, such as atrophy in the hippocampus, a region associated with memory. fMRI is also used to study brain activity related to cognitive tasks.
[129] Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): An Invaluable Tool in ... — This paper reviews the literature on the contribution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and two related techniques, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) and real-time fMRI (rt-fMRI), to the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders. Studies that apply rs-fMRI to healthy adult volunteers are helping researchers test hypotheses about particular functional networks (Taylor, Seminowicz, & Davis, 2009), sub-networks (Vogel, Power, Petersen, & Schlaggar, 2010), and the impact of specific activities (e.g., mindfulness meditation) on the brain’s intrinsic connectivity (Kilpatrick et al., 2011). Translational neuroscience and potential contributions of functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) to the prevention of substance misuse and antisocial behavior.[Prev Sci. 2013] Review Clinical utility of resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging for mood and cognitive disorders.[J Neural Transm (Vienna).
[130] EEG fMRI: Latest Advances in Brain Research - BiologyInsights — EEG fMRI: Latest Advances in Brain Research - BiologyInsights Explore recent advancements in EEG-fMRI research, highlighting improved data integration, signal interpretation, and accessibility for neuroscience studies. Among these, EEG (electroencephalography) and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) are widely used techniques that capture different aspects of brain activity. Multi-echo fMRI enhances data quality by separating true BOLD effects from non-neuronal artifacts, while high-field imaging sharpens spatial resolution, enabling the detection of activity in small structures like cortical layers and subcortical nuclei. Research on resting-state networks has linked slow-wave EEG activity to large-scale connectivity patterns in fMRI, offering new perspectives on disorders like schizophrenia and depression. The growing availability of open-access EEG-fMRI datasets has accelerated neuroscience research by providing access to complex brain activity patterns without costly data collection.
[132] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[133] Remote Wearable Neuroimaging Devices for Health Monitoring and ... — This review reveals that previous studies have leveraged mobile EEG devices for remote monitoring across the mental health, neurological, and sleep domains, as well as for delivering neurofeedback interventions. In this scoping review, we intend to comprehensively evaluate biomarkers of health conditions present in the data collected by wearable EEG, fNIRS, or PPG devices and the critical factors of feasibility, usability, and data quality that influence the effective implementation of remote monitoring using these devices, thereby guiding future research and application strategies in this emerging field. Various studies have utilized remote/at-home EEG monitoring devices to assess sleep patterns. This scoping review aimed to summarize the current applications of wearable neuroimaging devices, particularly EEG headsets, in remotely monitoring health conditions outside of clinical settings.
[134] Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroimaging: A Review of Recent Advances in ... — Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroimaging: A Review of Recent Advances in Understanding Brain Functioning and Disorders - PubMed Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroimaging: A Review of Recent Advances in Understanding Brain Functioning and Disorders Exploring the Frontiers of Neuroimaging: A Review of Recent Advances in Understanding Brain Functioning and Disorders Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) are two widely used neuroimaging techniques to review changes in brain activity. Recent advances in fMRI technology, its application to studying brain function, and the impact of neuroimaging techniques on neuroscience research are discussed. Neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI (A) and EEG (B) have revolutionized our understanding of brain function and have become essential tools in studying neurological disorders.
[136] Neurology: Understanding the Role of Neurologists — Neurology is a fascinating branch of medicine that delves into the complexities of the nervous system, seeking to unravel the mysteries of the brain and its intricate web of connections. Neurologists, the specialized physicians in this field, play a crucial role in diagnosing, treating, and managing a myriad of neurological conditions.This article aims to shed light on the essence of neurology
[137] Innovative Approaches and Therapies to Enhance Neuroplasticity and ... — Brain rehabilitation and recovery for people with neurological disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and neurodegenerative diseases, depend mainly on neuroplasticity, the brain's capacity to restructure and adapt. A thorough search of electronic databases revealed a wide range of research and papers investigating several neuroplasticity-targeting methods, such as cognitive training, physical activity, non-invasive brain stimulation, and pharmaceutical interventions. Neuroplasticity is crucial to brain rehabilitation to recover and regain function following neurological insults, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or neurodegenerative illnesses . By encouraging self-regulation of brain function and improving neuroplasticity, neurofeedback has demonstrated promise in treating several neurological diseases, including stroke, TBI, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .
[138] Neuroplasticity in stroke and brain injury: Shaping modern ... — The concept of neuroplasticity—the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections—has become fundamental in the field of neurology, particularly in the context of brain injury and stroke recovery.Once thought to be a fixed organ with limited capacity for regeneration, the brain is now understood to be highly adaptable, with the potential to modify its structure
[139] How Chronic Pain Affects Mental Health: Understanding the Emotional Impact — Chronic pain and mental health share a complex, bidirectional relationship. Individuals experiencing persistent physical discomfort often face an increased risk of developing psychological issues such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. This interplay between chronic pain and mental health can create a challenging cycle, with each condition potentially exacerbating the other.
[140] Integrating Neurology and Psychiatry throughout Educational Curricula ... — The lack of basic background in neuroscience and psychology in the current educational system is the first stumbling block in training clinicians who are able to recognize the neurobiological substrates involved in disorders that lie at the intersection of neurology and psychiatry, such as ICSDs during dopamine agonist therapy for PD. Further, case studies that are used to provide a practical clinical application of the learning materials can include examples of disease and/or side effects from medications that intersect neurology and psychiatry. Integration of neurology and psychiatry that occurs throughout education (bachelor’s, medical) and training will lead to clinicians developing an expertise in brain diseases and behavior, as well as improved awareness and management.
[141] Integrating psychological and mental health perspectives in disease ... — Integrative approaches in disease management are essential to improving patient outcomes and healthcare quality, as they emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration, effective doctor-patient communication, and the incorporation of cultural perspectives into medical practice. The integration of cultural perspectives is particularly important in understanding patient behaviors, beliefs, and values, which can significantly influence health outcomes (Napier et al. In the healthcare context, beliefs and expectations can play a powerful role in influencing patient outcomes, shaping self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP), or triggering the nocebo effect, leading to a significant impact on health and well-being. For example, positive beliefs and expectations communicated by healthcare providers can trigger a self-fulfilling prophecy, where patients experience better health outcomes simply because they believe in the effectiveness of their treatment (Kwame and Petrucka 2021; Rosenfield and Bernstein 2021).
[142] UConn Uncovers New Clue on What is Leading to Neurodegenerative ... — UConn University of Connecticut In Nature Neuroscience, UConn School of Medicine researchers have revealed a new scientific clue that could unlock the key cellular pathway leading to devastating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, and the progressive damage to the brain’s frontal and temporal lobes in frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) and the associated disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Courtesy of the Murphy Lab. The study, “Endothelial TDP-43 Depletion Disrupts Core Blood-Brain Barrier Pathways in Neurodegeneration,” was published on March 14, 2025. The lead author, Omar Moustafa Fathy, an MD/Ph.D. candidate at the Center for Vascular Biology at UConn School of Medicine, conducted the research in the laboratory of senior author Dr. Patrick A.
[143] A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current ... - PubMed — Neurodegenerative disorders, which include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), represent a significant and growing global health challenge. Current therapies predominantly focus on symptom management rather than alte …
[145] How Neuropsychological Tests Guide Treatment Planning — Neuropsychological testing plays a pivotal role in mental health care. It aids in accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment planning, and monitoring progress. These tests can significantly improve patient outcomes. They are a valuable tool in the comprehensive care of individuals with cognitive and mental health concerns.
[146] Clinical applications of neuropsychological assessment - PMC — We anticipate that clinical neuropsychological assessment will continue to be used, even in the face of advances in imaging technology, because it is already well known that the presence of significant brain changes can be associated with nearly normal cognitive functioning, while individuals with no lesions detectable on imaging can have substantial cognitive and functional limitations. For example, studies attempting to differentiate between dementing conditions of different etiologies, such as vascular dementia as compared with AD, have found little evidence of differential diagnostic utility from neuropsychological assessment.18 In fact, a fascinating book by Zakzanis et al19 that broadly approached this topic has suggested that for many conditions there is very little differential diagnostic information contained in a neuropsychological assessment that even allows for differentiation between healthy populations and patients with a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions.
[147] Neuropsychological Testing: What It Is, Purpose & Procedure — It tests for a range of mental functions, like reading, language use, attention, learning, processing speed, reasoning, remembering and problem-solving, as well as mood and behavior. Neuropsychological testing refers to a number of tests that healthcare providers use to get information about how your brain works. Your healthcare provider may use your neuropsychological test results to help understand the cause of your issues with thinking and understanding. This way, your healthcare team can compare future test results to help understand how you’re doing. Healthcare providers, like neurologists and primary care specialists, might want neuropsychological testing if they notice trends or changes such as: How are neuropsychological test results interpreted?
[150] Optimizing Hospital Resource Allocation for Neurologists — The Importance of Resource Allocation in Healthcare. Resource allocation in hospitals involves the strategic distribution of limited resources such as medical staff, equipment, and facilities to meet patient needs effectively. For neurologists, this means ensuring that resources are available for diagnosing and treating neurological conditions
[152] Implementation Science to Improve Quality of Neurological Care — In implementation science research, trans-disciplinary research teams systematically (using theory, model, and framework) assess local barriers to facilitate the adoption of evidence-based practices and examine potential solutions using implementation strategies (interventions that help adoption of intended practices) targeting multiple levels in the healthcare system, including patient, provider, clinic, facility, organization, or broader community and policy environment. Implementation Science(IS) is defined as ‘ the scientific study of methods to promote the systematic uptake of research findings and other evidence-based practice into routine practice and, hence improve the quality and effectiveness of health services.’(15) IS studies are distinct from traditional efficacy and effectiveness studies. In contrast to efficacy and effectiveness trials (primarily evaluate the health impact of the innovation), implementation trials evaluate strategies to enhance the adoption, implementation, sustainment, and scaling of evidence-based innovations into the clinical practice.
[154] Neurocritical Care in 2024: Where are We Headed? - ScienceDirect — In the late 1960s, the need to offer dedicated care to patients suffering life-threatening neurological conditions, such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), acute ischemic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), refractory status epilepticus, and spinal cord injury, became increasingly apparent, and the first neuro-ICU was established in 1969 at the Massachusetts
[162] Inequities in neurological care: Access to services, care gaps, and ... — | Andersen et al., 2019 [e3] | Observational retrospective | Europe | 60,503 patients with stroke, cardiac diseases, cancer | Male: 31,828; female: 28,675 | Age, years, mean ± SD In more than half of included studies, racial and ethnic discriminations were the most reported inequities, occurring across all care pathways (e.g., access to services, time to diagnosis, disease management, health outcomes), followed by health insurance status and income issues. Differently from other health conditions (e.g., diabetes), neurological patients face some barriers due to discrimination in disease management, such as difficulties in receiving appropriate care (i.e., timely diagnosis, early interventions, drugs interaction, availability of specialized services), which is in turn associated with differences in health outcomes, lack of available treatments, and poor diagnosis tools and genetic counselling.
[163] Specialty grand challenge in neuroinfectious diseases — Cost-effective medicine Economic incentives are a key driver of medical research and development, making modern medicine expensive and often inaccessible in resource-poor settings. Providing cost-effective solutions is essential to ensure affordable treatment without compromising outcomes.
[165] Disparities and Inequities in Neurological Disorders — Disparities may be present because of socioeconomic disadvantages, especially in cases of inequitable access to care, but also due to racial/ethnic discrimination or implicit bias (1). Patient outcomes across diverse neurological conditions, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy are affected by these disparities (1, 2, 3).
[166] Inequities in neurological care: Access to services, care gaps, and ... — | Andersen et al., 2019 [e3] | Observational retrospective | Europe | 60,503 patients with stroke, cardiac diseases, cancer | Male: 31,828; female: 28,675 | Age, years, mean ± SD In more than half of included studies, racial and ethnic discriminations were the most reported inequities, occurring across all care pathways (e.g., access to services, time to diagnosis, disease management, health outcomes), followed by health insurance status and income issues. Differently from other health conditions (e.g., diabetes), neurological patients face some barriers due to discrimination in disease management, such as difficulties in receiving appropriate care (i.e., timely diagnosis, early interventions, drugs interaction, availability of specialized services), which is in turn associated with differences in health outcomes, lack of available treatments, and poor diagnosis tools and genetic counselling.
[167] Disparities and Inequities in Neurological Disorders — • Neurological health disparities are largely driven by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and access to care. • Racial and ethnic minorities experience diagnostic delays and inequities in disease management. • There is an urgent need for more research to address health inequities in neurological disorders across diverse populations.
[168] Epidemiology and Burden of Neurological Diseases in Developing Countries — The epidemiology of neurological diseases in developing countries presents a complex and challenging landscape. These countries often face a higher burden of neurological diseases compared to developed nations due to a combination of factors including limited access to healthcare, socioeconomic disparities, environmental risk factors, infectious diseases, and inadequate resources for
[170] Epidemiological profile of epilepsy in low income populations — Epilepsy is a global disease with an unequal distribution. About 80% of the affected individuals reside in low and middle income countries. The incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in low income populations is higher than in the rest of the world, this is partly explained by some risk factors such as head trauma, perinatal injury and CNS infections, which are more common in poor regions
[178] Neurocysticercosis: Current Perspectives on Diagnosis and Management — Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is one of the leading causes of human epilepsy in many hyperendemic regions in Latin America, Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports an estimated 2.5-8.3 million cases of NCC annually with a disability-adjusted life year (DALY) burden of 2.8 million, but as for all neglected tropical
[192] Intersectionality and the Double Burden of Mental Health Stigma — Mental health stigma manifests as negative attitudes toward people experiencing mental illness or seeking mental health services. These attitudes often lead to judgment, shame, and social exclusion. For marginalized individuals, this stigma merges with other forms of discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status
[193] Intersectional approaches to risk, resilience, and mental health in ... — Although persistent health disparities affecting marginalized communities have long been recognized, marginalized populations (i.e., oppressed groups with stigmatized social identities) have remained significantly understudied in clinical science and allied disciplines. To reduce mental health disparities, it is critical to examine the experiences of Black, Indigenous, and people of color and
[196] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[198] Frontiers | Exploring the Future of Neurology: How AI is ... — Furthermore, AI can aid in developing new treatments for neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's and create personalized treatment plans based on individual neurological profiles. AI's capacity to detect complex data patterns paves the way for revolutionary advancements in diagnosing and treating brain diseases.
[200] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[202] Artificial intelligence (AI) for neurologists: do ... - Practical Neurology — Machine learning is a subfield of AI that involves developing computer systems or models that enable computers to ‘learn’ from data and to improve their performance over time without being explicitly programmed. Our National Health Service (NHS)-grown group (CogStack) uses natural language processing in various clinical workflows including machine-learning enabled clinical coding of stroke comorbidities,19 whole hospital analysis of disease comorbidities,20 tracking disease trends,21 temporal modelling of patient trajectories using natural language processing document text22 and providing National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline-based advice (figure 6). It is helpful to label with clinically recognised grading systems for mitotic activity, nuclear atypia and microvascular proliferation in neurooncology, as an AI model would learn the relevant features, rather than mislearn other aspects of the images (often related to hospital-specific preparations).
[203] AI and Machine Learning Application for Neurological Disorders and ... — AI tools like machine learning and deep learning can study the inherent complex medical data and extract features to provide necessary outputs. AI-enabled systems can process more varied and complex data for better predictions, which aid in accurate diagnosis, brain-computer interfacing (BCI), and assessment.
[204] Neuroimaging in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Current ... — With increased data processing and image interpretation, AI technology may help radiologists improve the quality of patient care.6 This article discusses the current applications and future integration of AI in neuroradiology. This algorithm extracts the directional components of artifacts and compares them to known artifact patterns, allowing for highly specific suppression of unwanted signals.27 In June 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ClariPi, a deep CNN program for advanced denoising and resolution improvement of low- and ultra low-dose CTs.28 Aside from only low-dose settings, this AI could reduce artifacts in all CT imaging modalities and improve therapeutic value of procedures, including cerebral angiograms and emergency cranial scans.
[205] Revolutionizing Neurology: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in ... — Keywords: ai algorithms, brain signals, neuroimaging, brain-computer interfaces, precision medicine, neurological disorders, artificial intelligence Integrating AI technologies into neurology has yielded many benefits, including early diagnosis, personalized treatment plans, neuroimaging analysis, treatment optimization, and groundbreaking research endeavors . AI-powered algorithms analyze diverse patient data - medical history, imaging results, genetic profiles - to identify subtle markers of neurological disorders that might evade human observation . AI can significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of treatment plans for neurological disorders by leveraging data-driven insights and personalizing care for individual patients. From early diagnosis and personalized treatment to BCIs and drug discovery, AI drives transformative changes that enhance patient care and our understanding of neurological disorders.
[206] System Integration: How AI Is Weaving Itself into Neurology — New software integrated with large language models and multimodal analysis tools will be available soon allowing more accurate epilepsy management and providing real-time, non-invasive monitoring of patients outside clinical settings.Other tools will revolutionize the presurgical planning for epilepsy patients and provide valuable information to predict the candidate epileptogenic brain regions enhancing the accuracy of surgical outcomes.Finally, as these technologies evolve, there will be a stronger focus on Ethical AI and Regulatory frameworks to address issues like data privacy and algorithmic bias, ensuring safe and trustworthy deployment in clinical environments. Sleep Disorders (Verma): AI has capability to analyze a large amount of data including clinical, bio-psychosocial, genetic, biochemical, sleep study, therapy response data all together leading to clinical predictions which can be helpful for personalization of treatment for individuals.
[208] Harnessing artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and treatment of ... — This review will follow a systematic format to ensure coherence and clarity, covering recent technological developments, clinical applications, and the ethical implications of using AI in emergent neurological cases. This literature review was conducted to critically assess the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological emergencies, with a particular focus on emergent neurological conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and acute spinal cord injury. While AI offers the potential to completely revolutionize the process of diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders, it is, at the same time, very important that development and deployment of such technologies be carried out in a fair manner that is transparent and according to the highest standards of patient care.
[211] Harnessing artificial intelligence for the diagnosis and treatment of ... — This review will follow a systematic format to ensure coherence and clarity, covering recent technological developments, clinical applications, and the ethical implications of using AI in emergent neurological cases. This literature review was conducted to critically assess the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological emergencies, with a particular focus on emergent neurological conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and acute spinal cord injury. While AI offers the potential to completely revolutionize the process of diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders, it is, at the same time, very important that development and deployment of such technologies be carried out in a fair manner that is transparent and according to the highest standards of patient care.
[213] Major Step Toward a Cure: Scientists Solve Decades-Long Parkinson's Mystery — WEHI researchers have made a significant breakthrough in the fight against Parkinson's disease, resolving a decades-old mystery and opening the door for new drug development. PINK1, a protein directly linked to Parkinson's, the world's fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease, was first discovered over 20 years ago.
[214] Scientists Announce Possible Breakthrough in Delaying Alzheimer's - Gizmodo — Research announced today is the first of its kind to suggest that anti-amyloid drugs can delay or even stop the progression of symptoms in people with early-onset Alzheimer's. Researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine led the study, which aimed to test whether an experimental anti-amyloid drug called gantenerumab could help people with an inherited form of Alzheimer’s. Many anti-amyloid drugs have shown promise early on, only to fail in larger trials that tested them for people already beginning to experience Alzheimer’s symptoms. “We already know from the lecanemab and donanemab data that anti-amyloid antibodies (AAAs) can slow progression of common, sporadic Alzheimer’s,” Sam Gandy, associate director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Mount Sinai, told Gizmodo. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Scientists are testing an experimental anti-amyloid antibody in people expected to develop early-onset Alzheimer's.
[216] New Form of Parkinson's Treatment Uses Real ... - Scientific American — New Form of Parkinson’s Treatment Uses Real-Time Deep-Brain Stimulation | Scientific American Krehbiel was the first participant to enroll in a clinical trial testing a new form of deep-brain stimulation (DBS), a technology that gained approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for Parkinson’s tremor and essential tremor in 1997 (it was later approved for other symptoms and conditions). “Like a cardiac pacemaker that responds to the rhythms of the heart, adaptive deep-brain stimulation uses a person’s individual brain signals to control the electric pulses it delivers,” Bronte-Stewart says. Many people will not require adaptive stimulation to fully optimize control of Parkinson’s symptoms, but the new technology can make a big impact in select cases, says Okun, who is also executive director of the Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases at University of Florida Health.