21:I[432972,["/_next/static/chunks/bb923814e1f4d2e9.js","/_next/static/chunks/dd3ee9f5b7716ca6.js","/_next/static/chunks/4204a0ae82542ca8.js","/_next/static/chunks/30036bedc5269936.js","/_next/static/chunks/6e1aa89a642f40be.js","/_next/static/chunks/cd5e572bc3e4eb92.js","/_next/static/chunks/8ffd0b71567920d8.js","/_next/static/chunks/67ea6dfd21f16c5f.js","/_next/static/chunks/24eb4379f68013fd.js","/_next/static/chunks/b8cd775ffdf935bd.js","/_next/static/chunks/983103cd9eb7b428.js","/_next/static/chunks/d4ac9dcf27f6ff52.js","/_next/static/chunks/294b9525248c8e5f.js"],"default"] 22:T467,The improvement of host plant growth resulting from mycorrhizal colonization often affects the viability of above-ground herbivorous insects. Conversely, the effects of herbivorous insects on plant growth may indirectly affect below-ground microorganisms. This study investigated the effects of herbivorous insects on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization of soybean (Glycine max Merr.). Seeds of soybean were sown in soil inoculated with the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall and grown in growth chambers. At 39 days after inoculation (DAI), a larva of the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) was placed on a leaf of each soybean plant for 5 days. AM colonization of soybean on 39 DAI was 21%. Although not evident by 62 DAI, by 77 DAI there was a statistically significant increase in AM colonization in plants subjected to herbivory by S. litura relative to control plants. Leaf removal at 46 DAI was also associated with increased AM colonization at 78 DAI. These results suggest that herbivory by chewing insect affects AM colonization and that the effect is likely caused by a decrease in leaf area.23:T471,We investigated the relative sensitivity of duckweed Lemna minor and six species of algae to seven herbicides, using an efficient high-throughput microplate-based toxicity assay. First, we assessed the sensitivity of L. minor to the seven herbicides, and then we compared its sensitivity to that of previously published data for six algal species based on EC₅₀ values. For five herbicides, the most sensitive species differed: L. minor was most sensitive to cyclosulfamuron: Raphidocelis subcapitata was most sensitive to pretilachlor and esprocarb: Desmodesmus subspicatus was most sensitive to pyraclonil; and Navicula pelliculosa was most sensitive to pyrazoxyfen. Simetryn was evenly toxic to all species, whereas 2,4-D was evenly less toxic, with only small differences in species sensitivity. These results suggested that a single algal species cannot represent the sensitivity of the primary producer assemblage to a given herbicide. Therefore, to assess the ecological effects of herbicides, aquatic plant and multispecies algal toxicity data sets are essential.

#	Concept	H-Index	Publications	Citations
1	Engineering	3	3	73
2	Natural Sciences	3	3	61
3	Medicine	2	2	43
4	Biochemistry	2	2	43
5	Biology	1	1	20

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