The Dynamic, Emergent, and Multi-Phasic Nature of On-Site Wilderness Experiences

TLDR

Leisure feelings and cognitions are dynamic, emergent, and multi‑phasic during on‑site wilderness experiences. The study used experience‑sampling data from visitors to Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, measuring four environmental‑focus modes and four wilderness‑experience aspects across multiple time points. Repeated‑measures analyses revealed significant changes across entry, immersion, and exit phases, with increased focus on environment and self at exit, reduced focus on others during immersion, higher humility/primitiveness/oneness during immersion and exit, and greater care for wilderness at exit. Implications for understanding the complex nature of leisure experiences are discussed, with keywords including leisure experiences, wilderness recreation, recreation experience phases, human‑nature transaction, and experience sampling method.

Abstract

AbstractFeelings and cognitions of leisure may not only be dynamic during the course of the total outdoor recreation engagement, they may be dynamic, emergent, and multi-phasic during the on-site phase. Experience Sampling Method data were collected from a sample of wilderness visitors multiple times during a visit to the Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. Four modes of environmental experience (focus on self, others, task, and environment) and four aspects of wilderness experience (a combined oneness/primitiveness/humility variable, timelessness, solitude, and care) were measured. Univariate and multivariate repeated measures analyses demonstrated significant change from the entry, through immersion, to the exit phases of the wilderness experience. This experiential change included greater focus on the environment and on self/in-trospection at the exit compared to the entry phase, and less focus on others/social acceptance during the immersion phase. Scores on humility/primitiveness/oneness were higher at both the immersion and exit phases than during entry, and care for the wilderness was higher during the exit phase than during entry. Implications of findings for understanding the complex nature of leisure experiences are provided.KEYWORDS: Leisure experienceswilderness recreationrecreation experience phaseshuman-nature transactionexperience sampling method