State-of-the-Art of Designing and Constructing Berm Breakwaters

Abstract

Berm breakwaters are different from ordinary rubble mound breakwaters. A conventional rubble mound breakwater is required to be almost statically stable for the design wave conditions, while the berm breakwater has traditionally been allowed to reshape to a statically stable or a dynamically stable profile. Although recently nonreshaping statically stable berm breakwaters have also been considered.