An investigation of the adsorption of Congo red dye on two naturally occurring adsorbents Hydroxyapatite and Bentonite: An Experimental Analysis, DFT calculations, and Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract

= 0.99). Furthermore, regeneration tests demonstrated that HA and bentonite retained 75 % and 60 % of their adsorption capacities, respectively, after five cycles, indicating their potential for sustainable reuse in dye removal. The exceptional adsorption efficiency and reusability of these natural adsorbents make them promising candidates for environmental remediation, contributing to a deeper understanding of the underlying adsorption mechanisms.