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Three-dimensional hydrogel membranes for boosting osmotic energy conversion: Spatial confinement and charge regulation induced by zirconium ion crosslinking

Biopolymer GelHydrogelsMembrane StructureMembrane FormationEngineeringSpatial ConfinementZirconium IonBiomedical EngineeringMembrane PermeationThree-dimensional Hydrogel Membranes