Targeting the I _Ks Channel PKA Phosphorylation Axis to Restore Its Function in High-Risk LQT1 Variants

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The KCNQ1+KCNE1 (I Ks ) potassium channel plays a crucial role in cardiac adaptation to stress, in which β-adrenergic stimulation phosphorylates the I Ks channel through the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA (protein kinase A) pathway. Phosphorylation increases the channel current and accelerates repolarization to adapt to an increased heart rate. Variants in KCNQ1 can cause long-QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1), and those with defective cAMP effects predispose patients to the highest risk of cardiac arrest and sudden death. However, the molecular connection between I Ks channel phosphorylation and channel function, as well as why high-risk LQT1 mutations lose cAMP sensitivity, remain unclear. METHODS: Regular patch clamp and voltage clamp fluorometry techniques were utilized to record pore opening and voltage sensor movement of wild-type and mutant KCNQ1/I Ks channels. The clinical phenotypic penetrance of each LQT1 mutation was analyzed as a metric for assessing their clinical risk. The patient-specific–induced pluripotent stem-cell model was used to test mechanistic findings in physiological conditions. RESULTS: By systematically elucidating mechanisms of a series of LQT1 variants that lack cAMP sensitivity, we identified molecular determinants of I Ks channel regulation by phosphorylation. These key residues are distributed across the N-terminus of KCNQ1 extending to the central pore region of I Ks . We refer to this pattern as the I Ks channel PKA phosphorylation axis. Next, by examining LQT1 variants from clinical databases containing 10 579 LQT1 carriers, we found that the distribution of the most high-penetrance LQT1 variants extends across the I Ks channel PKA phosphorylation axis, demonstrating its clinical relevance. Furthermore, we found that a small molecule, ML277, which binds at the center of the phosphorylation axis, rescues the defective cAMP effects of multiple high-risk LQT1 variants. This finding was then tested in high-risk patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes, where ML277 remarkably alleviates the beating abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings not only elucidate the molecular mechanism of PKA-dependent I Ks channel phosphorylation but also provide an effective antiarrhythmic strategy for patients with high-risk LQT1 variants.