Revealing roles of S-layer protein (SlpA) in <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> pathogenicity by generating the first <i>slpA</i> gene deletion mutant

Abstract

ABSTRACT Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) with high morbidity and high mortality is an urgent threat to public health, and C. difficile pathogenesis studies are eagerly required for CDI therapy. The major surface layer protein, SlpA, was supposed to play a key role in C. difficile pathogenesis; however, a lack of isogenic slpA mutants has greatly hampered analysis of SlpA functions. In this study, the whole slpA gene was successfully deleted for the first time via CRISPR-Cas9 system. Deletion of slpA in C. difficile resulted in smaller, smother-edged colonies, shorter bacterial cell size, and aggregation in suspension. For life cycle, the mutant demonstrated lower growth (changes of optical density at 600 nm, OD600) but higher cell density (colony-forming unit, CFU), decreased toxins production, and inhibited sporulation. Moreover, the mutant was more impaired in motility, more sensitive to vancomycin and Triton X-100-induced autolysis, releasing more lactate dehydrogenase. In addition, SlpA deficiency led to robust biofilm formation but weak adhesion to human host cells. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been the most common hospital-acquired infection, with a high rate of antibiotic resistance and recurrence incidences, become a debilitating public health threat. It is urgently needed to study C. difficile pathogenesis for developing efficient strategies as CDI therapy. SlpA was indicated to play a key role in C. difficile pathogenesis. However, analysis of SlpA functions was hampered due to lack of isogenic slpA mutants. Surprisingly, the first slpA deletion C. difficile strain was generated in this study via CRISPR-Cas9, further negating the previous thought about slpA being essential. Results in this study will provide direct proof for roles of SlpA in C. difficile pathogenesis, which will facilitate future investigations for new targets as vaccines, new therapeutic agents, and intervention strategies in combating CDI.