Single‐cell analysis reveals a unique microenvironment in peri‐implantitis

Abstract

Abstract Aim This study aimed to reveal the unique microenvironment of peri‐implantitis through single‐cell analysis. Materials and Methods Herein, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) of biopsies from patients with peri‐implantitis (PI) and compared the results with healthy individuals (H) and patients with periodontitis (PD). Results Decreased numbers of stromal cells and increased immune cells were found in the PI group, which implies a severe inflammatory infiltration. The fibroblasts were found to be heterogeneous and the specific pro‐inflammatory CXCL13 + sub‐cluster was more represented in the PI group, in contrast to the PD and H groups. Furthermore, more neutrophil infiltration was detected in the PI group than in the PD group, and cell–cell communication and ligand–receptor pairs revealed most neutrophils were recruited by CXCL13 + fibroblasts through CXCL8/CXCL6‐CXCR2/CXCR1. Notably, our study demonstrated that the unique microenvironment of the PI group promoted the differentiation of monocyte/macrophage lineage cells into osteoclasts, which might explain the faster and more severe bone resorption in the progression of PI than PD. Conclusions Collectively, this study suggests a unique immune microenvironment of PI, which may explain the differences between PI and PD in the clinic. These outcomes will aid in finding new specific and effective treatments for PI.