MXBOTs: Biodegradable Ti₃C₂ MXene-Based Microrobots for Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy

Abstract

Functions such as biocompatibility, degradability, therapeutics, and imaging are critical for use of microrobots in clinical scenarios; however, incorporation of these functions into a single microrobotic entity is still challenging. Herein, we report multifunctional Ti3C2 MXene-based magnetically actuated microrobots (MXBOTs), which are prepared by sequentially electrostatic coating of Ti3C2 nanosheets and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the surface of biodegradable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based helical microstructures. These MXBOTs can move along predefined paths under a rotating magnetic field. The incorporation of Ti3C2 nanosheets provides MXBOTs with an advantageous photothermal effect and photoacoustic (PA) imaging capability. Additionally, MXBOTs can be loaded with fluorescent molecules, enabling fluorescence imaging. After loading the chemotherapeutic drug DOX, the MXBOTs@DOX were able to accelerate the release of DOX under the stimulation of temperature and acidic pH. This work presents a viable approach for developing biodegradable and functional microrobots for targeted delivery and synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy.